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Models of Organisation of Youth Elite Sports Training System in Europe

100%
Żyśko J., Piątkowska M.
Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research
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2009
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vol. 47
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issue 1
64-72
EN
The European Commission is aware of the professionalisation of sports and the requirements of profitableness that unavoidably induct risks for European young high-level athletes and takes care of their protection and of the quality of their training. Thus, the European Commission decided to realise a study on training of sportsmen/women in the 27 Member States of the European Union in order to be able to lead political or legal actions which would contribute to the promotion and development of high quality training.The aim of the project was to identify ways of improving the legal and political framework for preserving and developing high-quality training for top-level sportspersons, particularly young sportspersons, in Europe. The study of the training of elite young sportsmen and sportswomen in Europe was conducted in all 27 Members States of UE in 2007. The research process was based on two main sources: legal and sports questionnaire.This paper presents main models of organisation of youth elite sports training system. On the basis of the results of the study two main factors which have strong impact on the organisation of the training of young athletes were indicated: i) funding and supervision; ii) management of the training centres.The organisation of sports in the different countries has a direct impact on the organisation of the training of young athletes. On the basis of obtained data 7 main models for the operation of training centres in all 27 UE countries depending on two axes: funding and management. There is no unified system of supervision of the funds as it depends on the national regulations. Therefore, the grade and methods of this control from public institutions is different in 27 UE member countries. In Poland we may observe a model based on public funding and a mix between sports clubs and national associations to operate the training centres.
2
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An Examination of Mixed Martial Arts Spectators’ Motives and their Sports Media Consumption in Poland

100%
Zembura P., Żyśko J.
Journal of Human Kinetics
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2015
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vol. 46
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issue 1
199-210
EN
The study attempted to analyse the concept of spectators’ motives at mixed martial arts (MMA) events in Poland. In addition, we investigated the relation between motives and sports media consumption. The sample consisted of 273 people attending three similar, regional MMA events. Exploratory factor analysis was used to refine the structure of motives. Confirmatory factor analysis showed a reasonable fit of the obtained model (RMSEA = 0.41). Using ANOVA we found three significant differences in assessment of motives, based on gender. The factor of aesthetics and knowledge was ranked the highest for men and women. Men rated drama and violence, while women perceived socializing and crowd experience, and drama, as the following factors. Path analysis indicated that these motives explained 56% of variance in media consumption for men and 57% for women. The findings showed that the motive of vicarious achievement was the main predictor of media consumption for men, while aesthetics and knowledge were the key predictors for women. The results and ideas for further research are discussed.
3
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Off-Field Competition at Major Sport Events. Case Study of 2010 FIFA World Cup South Africa™

100%
Piątkowska M., Żyśko J.
Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research
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2010
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vol. 50
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issue 1
118-132
EN
Over the past twenty years sponsorship has outperformed all other marketing communication tools in terms of growth. With their massive audiences, major sport events create great opportunity for global companies to showcase their brands and products. Due to rapidly rising costs for securing sponsorship rights, ambush marketing has emerged as a growing option for different kind of companies.The aim of ambush marketing is to obtain more of the gains associated with an official event sponsorship but without incurring the same extent of its costs. "Ambushers" are becoming increasingly astute at developing ways to circumvent legal attempts to control non-sponsor marketing strategies.Therefore, the aim of the paper is to introduce and categorize various ambush marketing methods and counter-ambushing strategies. As ambush marketing has shifted over time from broadcast sponsorship campaigns and venue surrounding advertising to more off-site venue marketing, it is also important to analyze how the organizers of major sport event prevent the event itself, the sponsorship rights and how they deal with ambush marketing issue. The case of 2010 FIFA World Cup South Africa has been studied.
4
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A Systematic Literature Review on Ambush Marketing in Sport

81%
Piątkowska M., Żyśko J., Gocłowska S.
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vol. 66
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issue 1
14-27
EN
The aim of the paper was to outline and evaluate the existing scientific achievements regarding the phenomenon of ambush marketing in sport, mark the dominating problematic areas, and create a literature database for the purposes of further research. The systematic literature review was conducted in the following stages: planning and conducting the review, analysis, and description of the results. The preliminary analysis included a combined number of 21,176 studies published between 1984-2013 in journals, books, and other sources included in analyzed databases, chosen using a meta-keyword: ambush. Analysis of the subject literature on the phenomenon of ambush marketing in sport allows for the classification of the works into three dominating research areas: identification of ambush marketing phenomenon, identification of the influence of ambush marketing practices on consumers, and identification of counter-ambush strategies. This review indicates the need for secondary research in social sciences in a more systematic way and more rigorously than it was done until now.
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