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1

Pilot plant and industrial systems for animal cell cultivation. II. Anchorage independent cell cultures

100%
Grajek W.
Biotechnologia
|
1993
|
issue 2
22-34
EN
In the last decade fast development of modern cell culture techniques is observed. Some new high performance cell culture bioreactors are being designed and tested. These reactors are usually configurated with cell separators to cell recycling. As separators, microfilters, ultrafilters, continuous flow centrifuges and settlers are proposed. The main systems allowing to carry out the high cell density cultures and numerous technological applications of these systems are presented in this review.
2

Artificial seeds for plant propagation

63%
Grajek W., Lassocinski W.
Biotechnologia
|
1993
|
issue 1
77-83
EN
Artificial seeds consisting of somatic embryos encapsulated with protective coating, have been proposed as a propagation system of plant propagation. Two types of artificial seeds have been developed, hydrated immobilized in hydrogels, and desiccated. The process of somatic embriogenesis runs in some steps. At first, the embryogenic tissue able to grow in suspension culture must be isolated. Subsequently, this tissue should be inducted by some auxins and kinetins introduced to the liquid medium to start the embryogenesis. The development and maturation of embryos carry out in special media. To scale up this process the buble column and air-lift bioreactors are used. The more frequently material to encapsulate the somatic embryos is alginate hydrogel. The main problem in production of good quality artificial seeds is low efficiency of embryos conversion to normal plant in soil.
3

Role of plasma membrane in ethanol tolerance of yeasts

63%
Grajek W., Walkowiak-Tomczak D.
Biotechnologia
|
1993
|
issue 3
157-165
EN
Tolerance of yeast to high ethanol concentration depends on cell membrane lipid composition. High content of unsaturated fatty acids and sterols increase the cell structure stability and viability as well as the fermentation activity, of yeasts. The cultivation of microorganisms at elevated temperatures and high increase the degree and as a consequence the cell sensibility to stress. Natural tolerance of yeasts to ethanol can be improved by technological means. It can be done by supplementation of fermentation broth with a source of unsaturated lipids, and, alternatively, by medium aeration to stimulate .
4

Mechanical damage of animal cells in bioreactors

63%
Jankowski T., Grajek W.
Biotechnologia
|
1993
|
issue 3
166-183
EN
of animal cells due to forces generated by media agitation and aeration are reviewed. In anchorage-dependent cultures grown in a stirred bioreactor the cell damage is caused by small turbulent eddies of size of the microcarrier beads and by collision between and against the impeller and the stationary parts of bioreactor. In the freely suspended cells grown in stirred or s the cell damage is due mainly to air bibble breakup. The mechanical damages can be limited by an increase of kinematic viscosity of fluid and reduction to the local energy dissipation rate. Biological aspects of shear stress are also discussed.
5

Pilot plant and industrial systems for animal cell cultivation.I.Anchorage-dependent cell cultures

63%
Grajek W., Lukaszynski D.
Biotechnologia
|
1993
|
issue 2
8-21
EN
Several methods used to cultivate anchorage-dependent animal cells on a large scale are presented. These methods include the cultures on microcarriers in stirred and air-lift bioreactors, the cultures in hollow-fiber and flat-plate membrane bioreactors as well as the cultures attached to porous or fiber solid supports. The critical parameter in anchorage-dependent cultures is the adhesiveness of the cells to the carrier materials and the surface proliferation rate.
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