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1

Różne strategie osiągania pamięci immunologicznej

100%

Wojda I.

Kosmos

|

2017

|

vol. 66

|

issue 4

721-732

PL

Odporność nabyta inaczej adaptacyjna (swoista) rozwinęła się w ewolucji bardzo późno, bo dopiero u kręgowców żuchwowych. Oparta jest ona na limfocytach T i B oraz syntezie różnorodnych receptorów i przeciwciał. Okazuje się jednak, że u bezkręgowców, których odporność oparta jest jedynie na mechanizmach wrodzonych, obserwuje się swego rodzaju pamięć immunologiczną. Co więcej, nawet organizmy jednokomórkowe jak bakterie czy archeony wykazują cechy "pamięci immunologicznej". W artykule opisano różne strategie "zapamiętywania" infekcji: mechanizm CRISPR/Cas u bakterii, receptory DSCAM i inne formy piętnowania układu immunologicznego owadów oraz zmienność receptorów bogatych w leucynę (LRR) u bezżuchwowców. Przedstawiono także jak doszło do nabycia możliwości syntezy różnorodnych przeciwciał oraz receptorów limfocytów. Opisane mechanizmy opierają się na włączaniu obcego materiału genetycznego do genomu gospodarza, mechanizmie konwersji genów, alternatywnego składania transkryptów oraz somatycznej rearanżacji DNA.

EN

Acquired immunity (adaptive, specific) developed late in evolution - in jawed vertebrates. It is based on T and B lymphocytes and a diversity of antibodies. It turns out, however, that in invertebrates, which posses only innate mechanisms there is a kind of immune memory. Moreover, even single-cell organisms such as bacteria or archaea exhibit features of immunological memory. This article describes the various strategies used to achieve a kind of rememmbrnace of infection: a CRISPR/Cas system in bacteria, diveristy of DSCAM receptors and other forms of immune priming in insects, leucine-rich receptors in jawless vertebrates. It also describes how it came to acquire the possibility of synthesis of various forms of antibodies and lymphocyte receptors by jawed vertebrates. The described mechanisms are based on the incorporation of foreign genetic material into host genome, the gene conversion mechanisms, alternative splicing and finally, somatic rearrangements of DNA.

2

Expression of the insect metalloproteinase inhibitor IMPI in the fat body of Galleria mellonella exposed to infection with Beauveria bassiana

63%

Vertyporokh L., Wojda I.

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2017

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vol. 64

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issue 2

273-278

EN

The inducible metalloproteinase inhibitor (IMPI) discovered in Galleria mellonella is currently the only specific inhibitor of metalloproteinases found in animals. Its role is to inhibit the activity of metalloproteinases secreted by pathogenic organisms as virulence factors to degrade immune-relevant polypeptides of the infected host. This is a good example of an evolutionary arms race between the insect hosts and their natural pathogens. In this report, we analyze the expression of a gene encoding an inducible metalloproteinase inhibitor (IMPI) in fat bodies of the greater wax moth larvae Galleria mellonella infected with an entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana. We have used a natural infection, i.e. covering larval integument with fungal aerospores, as well as injection of fungal blastospores directly into the larval hemocel. We compare the expression of IMPI with the expression of genes encoding proteins with fungicidal activity, gallerimycin and galiomycin, whose expression reflects the stimulation of Galleria mellonella defense mechanisms. Also, gene expression is analyzed in the light of survival of animals after spore injection.

3

Układ odpornościowy owadów w obronie integralności organizmu

63%

Wojda I., Vertyporokh L.

Kosmos

|

2017

|

vol. 66

|

issue 4

541-551

PL

Owady zasiedlają wszystkie lądowe nisze ekologiczne. Ewolucyjny sukces osiągnęły między innymi dzięki sprawnie funkcjonującym mechanizmom obronnym. Układ odpornościowy tej gromady zwierząt oparty jest jedynie na mechanizmach wrodzonych. Składa się on z humoralnych i komórkowych odczynów, które uzupełniają się nawzajem w walce z infekcją. W pracy zwięźle przedstawiono aktualny stan wiedzy, dotyczący układu odpornościowego owadów i zwrócono uwagę na jego rolę w utrzymaniu homeostazy organizmu. Ponadto, na przykładzie barciaka większego Galleria mellonella omówiono modulację odpowiedzi immunologicznej przez zmiany temperatury otoczenia. Przedstawiono także aktualne informacje dotyczące zjawiska piętnowania immunologicznego owadów, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem barciaka większego.

EN

Insects populate all ecological land niches. Their evolutionary successes have been achieved thanks to well-functioning defense mechanisms. The immune system of this group of animals is based only on innate immunity mechanisms. It consists of humoral and cellular reactions that complement each other in the fight against infection. The paper briefly summarizes the state of the art of insect immune system and highlights its role in maintaining homeostasis of the organism. In addition, the modulation of immune response by changes in ambient temperature is described taking an example of a greater wax moth Galleria mellonella. Additionally, the current information concerning priming of insect immune system is presented with special emphasis on the greater wax moth.

4

Phosphorylation of yeast ribosomal proteins by CKI and CKII in the presence of heparin

51%

Wojda I., Cytryńska M., Frajnt M., Jakubowicz T.

Acta Biochimica Polonica

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1999

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vol. 46

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issue 1

211-215

5

Activation of MAP kinase pathways in Galleria mellonella infected with Bacillus thuringiensis

51%

Wojda I., Koperwas K., Jakubowicz T.

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2014

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vol. 61

|

issue 1

185-189

EN

We followed changes in the level of phospho-MAP kinases in the greater wax moth Galleria mellonella after infection with Bacillus thuringiensis. We observed an enhanced level of phosphorylated p38 and JNK in fat bodies of the infected larvae. In hemocytes, injection of B. thuringiensis caused the highest increase in phospho-JNK, however, all pathways were activated after aseptic injection. We report that Galleria mellonella larvae exposed to heat shock before infection showed an enhanced level of phosphorylated JNK in fat body. This finding is relevant in the light of our previous reports, which submit evidence that pre-shocked animals are more resistant to infection.

6

Protein kinases CKI and CKII are implicated in modification of ribosomal proteins of the yeast Trichosporon cutaneum

51%

Wojda I., Cytryńska M., Frajnt M., Jakubowicz T.

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2002

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vol. 49

|

issue 4

947-957

EN

Phosphorylation of acidic ribosomal proteins P1/P2-P0 is a common phenomenon in eukaryotic organisms. It was found previously that in Trichosporon cutaneum, unlike in other yeast species, in addition to the two acidic ribosomal proteins, two other proteins of 15 kDa and 19 kDa of the small ribosomal subunit were phosphorylated. Here we describe two protein kinases: CKI and CKII, which are engaged in the modification of T. cutaneum ribosomal proteins. The acidic ribosomal proteins and the protein of 19 kDa were modified by CKII associated with ribosomes, while the protein of 15 kDa was modified by CKI. Protein kinase CKI was purified from cell-free extract (CKIC) and from ribosomal fraction (CKIR). The molecular mass of CKIC was established at 33 kDa while that of CKIR at 35-37 kDa. A protein of 40 kDa copurified with CKIR but not CKIC. Heparin significantly increased 40 kDa protein phosphorylation level by CKIR. Microsequencing analysis revealed the presence of CKI recognition motifs in the N-terminal fragment of the 40 kDa protein.

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Różne strategie osiągania pamięci immunologicznej

Expression of the insect metalloproteinase inhibitor IMPI in the fat body of Galleria mellonella exposed to infection with Beauveria bassiana

Układ odpornościowy owadów w obronie integralności organizmu

Phosphorylation of yeast ribosomal proteins by CKI and CKII in the presence of heparin

Activation of MAP kinase pathways in Galleria mellonella infected with Bacillus thuringiensis

Protein kinases CKI and CKII are implicated in modification of ribosomal proteins of the yeast Trichosporon cutaneum