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EN
Water Quality index indicating the water quality in terms of index number, offers a useful representation of overall quality of water for public or for any intended use, as well as in pollution abatement programmes and in water quality management. The present study was carried out to determine the Water Quality Index (WQI) of selected rivers in Warri, Delta State, using fourteen physicochemical parameters and on the basis of weighted Arithmetic Index in order to access the suitability of this water for consumption, recreation and other purposes. The parameters were measured monthly for one year at the six selected water bodies. In this study, WQI was determined by the analysis-on the basis of various physicochemical parameters such as pH, chlorides, electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, total dissolved solid, total suspended solids, chlorides, sulphates, chemical oxygen demand, oil/grease. Result obtained for the different sampling sites were found to fall within the WQI classifications - poor water (100-200) to unsuitable water or unfit (>300). There is, therefore, the need to periodically assess these water bodies to ensure the quality is suitable for the intended purpose.
EN
This study examined the effect of salt concentration (NaCl/Na2SO4) on the sorption efficiency of Reactive Black 5 (RB5) dye on chitosan hydrogel granules (CHs). The tested salt concentration was in the range of 0.0 to 0.5 mol/L. The scope of the research included the effect of salinity on RB5 sorption at different pH values (4–11), equilibrium time, and maximum sorption capacity (Langmuir 2 model). At low pH (pH 4, pHpHPZC), an opposite trend was observed (the sorption efficiency of RB5 on CHs increased with increasing salinity). The concentration of salt in the solution did not have a major impact on the equilibrium time of sorption, which depended mainly on the initial pH of the solution (and ranged from 36 to 60 h). The relatively long sorption time resulted from the hydrogel structure of the sorbent used, which slowed the dye absorption ability. The maximum sorption capacity of CHs in relation to RB5 at the optimum pH (pH 4) in the solution without the addition of salt determined after 60 h of sorption was 1.386 mmol RB5/g (1373.5 mg RB5/g). Under conditions of high salinity (0.5 mol Na2SO4/L), at pH 4, the capacity was 17.2% lower (1.148 mmol RB5/g to 1139.7 mg RB5/g), and at pH 11, it was 6.3% higher (1.474 mmol RB5/g to 1460.7 mg RB5/g).
EN
The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the role of environmental factors in etiology of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in the light of related literature. ADHD is a behavioral disorder often diagnosed among children in the 20th century. In many cases it can persist into adulthood. ADHD is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by behavioral symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity. Hyperactivity tends to decline over childhood, while symptoms of inattention tend to be more persistent. ADHD affects 8-12% of children worldwide and causes impairment in school performance, intellectual and occupational functioning, and social skills. Various twin studies have highlighted the highly genetic nature of ADHD. It has been currently shown that various environmental risk factors increase the incidence of childhood ADHD. Several biological, psychosocial and chemical factors have been proposed as risk factors for ADHD, among them low birth weight, maternal obesity and poor health, stress and depression, smoking during pregnancy, antepartum haemorrhage, and prenatal exposure to alcohol, heavy metals, organophosphorus pesticides and phthalates. All these risk factors can contribute to the incidence of ADHD in organisms with genetic predisposition.
PL
Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie roli szkodliwości środowiskowych w rozwoju zaburzeń hiperkinetycznych z zaburzeniami koncentracji uwagi u dzieci (ADHD) w świetle aktualnego piśmiennictwa. Te neurorozwojowe behawioralne zmiany często rozpoznawane w XX w. charakteryzują się zaburzeniami koncentracji uwagi, nadpobudliwością psychoruchową, impulsywnością. Nadpobudliwość maleje z wiekiem, zaburzenia koncentracji uwagi utrzymują się. ADHD rozpoznaje się u 8–12% dzieci w skali świata. W przebiegu ADHD występują: obniżenie sprawności intelektualnej, trudności w nauce szkolnej oraz w późniejszym życiu zawodowym, skłonności do antyspołecznych zachowań. Badania prowadzone na parach bliźniąt potwierdziły genetyczne uwarunkowania ADHD, a szkodliwości środowiskowe przyczyniają się do wzrostu częstości występowania zaburzeń. Zalicza się do nich: niska masa urodzeniowa, otyłość matki, zły stan zdrowia, stres i depresja, palenie papierosów podczas ciąży, krwawienia przedporodowe, prenatalna ekspozycja na alkohol, metale ciężkie, pestycydy fosforoorganiczne. Powyższe czynniki ryzyka sprzyjają rozwojowi ADHD w organizmie z genetyczną predyspozycją.
EN
The aim of this article is to inform about aerobiological research which has been commenced in co-operation between the University of Worcester, Jagiellonian University, Adam Mickiewicz University and the University of Szczecin. Occurrence of four allergenic fungal spores in the air will be studied, i.e. Alternaria spp., Cladosporium spp., Ganoderma spp. and Didymella spp. in relation to meteorological factors. Diurnal, daily and spatial variations of the fungal spore concentration will be compared between spore monitoring sites to produce forecast models for selected fungi. Forecasts play an important role in the timing of prophylactic medication and in maintaining compliance in treatments. They also help allergic people to plan their activities in order to avoid exposure to high atmospheric concentrations of fungal spores.
EN
The appearance of a disease is caused by many factors, which for the most part have their source in the external environment and in the attitudes and health habits of a person. Rational prevention, which seems to be underrated, can affect behavior and improve health. One of its elements is certainly a diet rich in antioxidants. They are compounds that inhibit the excessive production of free radicals or convert them into inactive derivatives. Thanks to this, they prevent the formation of free radical damage. They may be of endo- or exogenous origin. From the point of view of their mechanism of action, they can also be divided into enzymatic and non-enzymatic ones. In combination, they form the so-called antioxidant protection system of every organism. The present review article outlines the problem of prevention of oxidative stress, which is a risk factor responsible for the development of many diseases, especially civilization diseases. The structure of the antioxidant protection system of the human body has been discussed. The article also presents the main antioxidants that can be delivered with food, as well as their role in the prevention of increased amounts of free radicals and reactive oxygen species.
PL
Pojawienie się choroby spowodowane jest wieloma czynnikami, które w większości mają swoje źródło w środowisku zewnętrznym oraz w postawach i nawykach zdrowotnych człowieka. Racjonalna profilaktyka, która wydaje się wciąż niedoceniana może odpowiednio wpływać na zachowanie i poprawę zdrowia. Jednym z jej elementów jest z pewnością dieta obfitująca w przeciwutleniacze. Są to związki, które hamują nadmierne wytwarzanie wolnych rodników bądź przemieniają je w nieaktywne pochodne. Dzięki temu przeciwdziałają powstawaniu wolnorodnikowych uszkodzeń. Mogą on mieć pochodzenie endo- i egzogenne. Z punktu widzenia ich mechanizmu działania można podzielić je również na enzymatyczne i nieenzymatyczne. W połączeniu tworzą one tak zwany system ochrony antyoksydacyjnej każdego organizmu. Prezentowany artykuł poglądowy stanowi zarys problematyki profilaktyki stresu oksydacyjnego, który jest czynnikiem ryzyka zachorowania i rozwoju wielu chorób, a zwłaszcza schorzeń cywilizacyjnych. Przybliżono budowę systemu ochrony antyoksydacyjnej organizmu człowieka. Przedstawiono główne przeciwutleniacze, które można dostarczać wraz z pożywieniem, a także ich rolę w prewencji zwiększonej ilości wolnych rodników i reaktywnych form tlenu.
EN
In order to achieve good air quality in schools, where children spend ca. 6–8 hours per day, and to find solutions for improving it, indoor pollution has to be accurately evaluated. Children are among the groups most vulnerable to the adverse effects of PM. Our study focuses on the characterization of different fractions of PM (PM1.0, PM2.5, PM10) measured inside and outside the building of a secondary school in Wroclaw, Poland, located in the centre of the city. PM1.0, PM2.5, and PM10 samples, from indoor (I) and outdoor (O) air, were collected using Harvard cascade impactors during the years 2009/2010. The study revealed that on 90% of days in the wintertime,24h indoor PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations were higher than the WHO air quality guidance values for ambient air. The PM2.5 fraction found inside the school in winter and the PM10 fraction both in winter and summer resulted mostly from indoor rather than outdoor sources, as shown by the I/O ratio of 1.2 for 24-hour mean of PM2.5 and 1.3, and 2.0 for 24-hour mean of PM10 in winter and summer, respectively. However, PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations during teaching hours (8-hour mean) were much higher than outdoors (2.0 and 2.5 times in winter and 4.1 and 5.6 times in summer, respectively). PM1 concentrations reached comparable levels indoors and outdoors. These data can be considered as preliminary; however, they may act as a stimulus for future studies aiming to estimate the effect of indoor PM concentrations on the respiratory system in schoolchildren.
PL
W celu osiągnięcia dobrej jakości powietrza w szkole, gdzie dzieci spędzają ok. 6–8 godzin dziennie i znalezienia rozwiązania, by ją poprawić, należy dokładnie rozpoznać problem zanieczyszczenia powietrza wewnętrznego. Dzieci są jedną z bardziej wrażliwych grup, wśród których obserwuje się szkodliwe oddziaływanie pyłów zawieszonych na zdrowie. Nasze badania skupiły się na charakterystyce zanieczyszczenia powietrza różnymi frakcjami pyłu zawieszonego (tj. PM1,0, PM2,5, PM10) wewnątrz (W) i na zewnątrz (Z) budynku szkoły gimnazjalnej w centrum Wrocławia. Do poboru próbek pyłu PM1,0, PM2,5 i PM10, w latach 2009/2010, zostały wykorzystane impaktory typu Harvard.Zimą, w 90 dni pomiarowych, stwierdzono przekroczenia zalecanych przez WHO średnich dobowych stężeń PM10 i PM2,5. Frakcja PM2,5 wewnątrz szkoły oraz frakcja PM10, zarówno zimą, jak i latem miały swoje źródła w samej szkole, o czym świadczył stosunek W/Z = 1,2 dla średnich dobowych stężeń PM2,5, i odpowiednio 1,3 (zimą) oraz 2,0 (latem) dla PM10. Jednak, stężenia PM2,5 and PM10 w czasie trwania zajęć szkolnych (8-godzinne średnie) były znacznie wyższe (odpowiednio: 2,0 i 2,5-krotnie zimą oraz 4,1 i 5,6-krotnie latem). Stężenia PM1 były porównywalne wewnątrz i na zewnątrz szkoły. Choć są to badania wstępne, to jednak powinny zmotywować do dalszych prac skupionych na ocenie relacji między stężeniem pyłów drobnych w szkole a reakcjąukładu oddechowego dzieci.
EN
Wetlands are normally deemed areas where water covers soil all or part of the time. Wetlands are important because they protect and improve water quality, provide fish and wildlife habitats, store floodwaters and maintain surface water flow during dry periods. According to the Ramsar convention, wetlands are defined as "Areas of marsh, fen, peat land or water, whether natural or artificial, permanent or temporary with water that is static or flowing, fresh, brackish or salt, including areas of marine water the depth of which at low tide does not exceed six meters." (Ramsar convention, 1971). In Ampara District of Eastern Province, Kalmunai Municipality, the Karaitivu and Nintavur areas have some significant quantities of wetlands. However, increased population, construction works, town expansion and negligence have generated considerable damage to these. Thus, this research was conducted to identify the negative human impact on these wetlands. In so-doing, the following objectives were met: ‘to find the challenges to wetland existence to note changes in the study area, to find the factors for the wetland deterioration and to suggest solutions to wetland conservation’. Primary and secondary data were used for this study. As primary data, questionnaire survey and direct observation were used. As secondary data, books, magazines, previous researches and statistics were used. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS and GIS software and suggest the practice of remedial measures such as creating proper waste management systems and enhancing the awareness of the value of the wetlands.
EN
The study was conducted to determine the biodegradation of Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) (Styrofoam) Blocks as feedstock to Tribolium castaneum (Red Flour Beetle) Imago. Three-hundred-sixty (360) Tribolium castaneum (Red Flour Beetle) Imagos were collected and acclimatized for two days before being exposed to experimentation. Incubation boxes were made using plywood. Three set-ups were prepared, with 30 Tribolium castaneum (Red Flour Beetle) each. Seven (7) grams of Styrofoam Block were placed in Set-up 1, seven (7) grams of Styrofoam and seven (7) grams of Rice grain Bran in Set-up 2 and seven (7) grams of Rice grain Bran in Set-up 3 with three replications each. Mean percent mass loss of Styrofoam and Rice grain Bran, mean percent mass loss and survival rate of Tribolium castaneum (Red Flour Beetle) were measured at 5th, 10th, 15th and 20th day incubation periods. Maximum mean percent mass loss in the different set-ups was observed at the 10th, 15th and 20th incubation period, with loses of 7.14%, 10.71% and 10.71%, respectively. Meanwhile, maximum mean percent increased weight of Tribolim castaneum (Red Flour Beetle) was observed at the 10th day incubation period, with 13.51%, 44.44% and 37.93%, respectively. Microscopic observation, of a dark white smear on the gut of the specimen indicates that Tribolium castaneum (Red Flour Beetle) Imago really masticate and biodegrade the Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) (Styrofoam) blocks. The survival rate of Tribolium castaneum (Red Flour Beetle) in the diverse set-ups showed no significant difference. This implies that ingestion of Styrofoam Block had no lethal effects on the natural weight variation and health of the Tribolium castaneum (Red Flour Beetle). Hence, results indicate that Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) (Styrofoam) Block can be a feedstock for Tribolium castaneum (Red Flour Beetle).
EN
Health care workers employed in health care institutions are a population particularly exposed to a number of dangerous and burdensome factors, and the main risk factors are biological factors. Infections at the workplace can be transferred by blood but the use of mechanical barriers could potentially reduce the risk. When microorganisms are present in the air and create a bioaerosol, prevention methods are more difficult, and the problem relates to a larger number of employees and other people using health care facilities. Bioaerosol enters the human body through the respiratory system and includes mainly bacteria, fungi, viruses and other organic substances which can cause negative health outcomes.
PL
Osoby pracujące w placówkach ochrony zdrowia stanowią grupę szczególnie narażoną na szereg czynników niebezpiecznych i uciążliwych, a głównymi czynnikami ryzyka są czynniki biologiczne. Do zakażenia może dojść drogą krwiopochodną, jednak ograniczenie ryzyka jest tutaj możliwe poprzez zastosowanie barier mechanicznych. W przypadku przedostawania się drobnoustrojów do powietrza i tworzeniu się bioaerozolu metody prewencji są nieco bardziej utrudnione, a problem dotyczy większej liczby pracowników oraz pozostałych osób korzystających z placówek ochrony zdrowia. Bioaerozol wnika do organizmu człowieka przez układ oddechowy, a w jego skład wchodzą głównie bakterie, grzyby, wirusy oraz inne substancje organiczne, które mogą powodować szereg niekorzystnych zjawisk zdrowotnych.
EN
Accurate estimation of surface runoff is a challenging task, but it is an important research topic because surface runoff plays a vital role in the study of the hydrological cycle, climate change, water resources, flood management, etc. Surface runoff reflects the amount of water that moves from the watershed into the river system and the amount that is drawn from it. The Big-Akaki watershed has suffered severe flooding due to increasing urbanization, deforestation, as well as reckless use of land and water resources that has led to the appearance of soil erosion. In our work, the SCS curve number was used to estimate runoff from the basin surface, and SWAT was used to delineate the basin and analyze the slope of the watershed, the soil and land uses. In addition, ground control points, interviews and field observation were carried out to collect data on the LULC classification. Moreover, model calibration (1991-1998) and validation (1999-2004) were performed for the monthly flow at the Akaki measuring station. The Big-Akaki watershed has a drainage area of 971,849 km2. The simulation was carried out by dividing the watershed into 33 sub-basins and assigning a hydrological response unit based on the definition of multiple HRU. The results indicate that SWAT generally works well by simulating runoff according to the result of three objectives (NSE, R2 and RSR). For surface runoff, the NSE, R2 and RSR values were 0.81, 0.82 and 0.44 during the calibration and 0.77, 0.77 and 0.48 during the validation period, respectively. Finally, the annual average precipitation and surface runoff of the Big-Akaki basin is 1183.56 mm and 227.634 mm, respectively. In addition, the results showed a direct relationship between rainfall and surface runoff.
EN
This article presents the influence of chitin amination on the effectiveness of RB5 and RY84 dye sorption. For chitin and chitin modified by amination, the optimal pH of sorption and the maximum sorption capacity were determined in relation to two reactive dyes: Reactive Black 5 (RB5) and Reactive Yellow 84 (RY84), differing in the active group and molecular weight. Three sorption models were used to describe the experimental data: Langmuir, Langmuir 2 and Freundlich. The highest sorption capacity was obtained for aminated chitin for both tested dyes: 386.53 mg/g for RB5 and 261.56 mg/g for RY84. In the case of sorption on unmodified chitin, the sorption capacities were lower: up to 235.65 mg/g.d.m. for RB5 and 208.88 mg/g.d.m. for RY84. The modification of chitin by amination has a beneficial effect on the amount of dye adsorbed in the process. The adsorptive capacity increased by 1.6-times in the case of RB5 and 1.25-times in case of RY84.
EN
This study investigated the particulate matters, noise generated and the impacts of the activities on the quarry workers. Three quarries and a control site were selected for this study. A particulate matter counter (CLJ-D particulate counter) was used to count suspended particles and a hand-held device (SL-4012 sound meter) was used to determine the noise levels at different distances away from the crushing point (0 m, 50 m, 100 m, 150 m and 200 m). A well-structured closed questionnaire was used to collect information about demographic, health implications and status of respondents working at the quarry site. Samchaise quarry has the highest total suspended particulate matter (691.82 µg/m3 and 662.19 µg/m3) for 0 m and 50 m sampling point respectively. For 100 m, 150 m and 200 m, Dortmond quarry has the highest total suspended particulate matter of 609.82 µg/m3, 501.57 µg/m3 and 450.34 µg/m3 respectively. Dortmond quarry has the highest noise level (94.90 dB and 88.70 dB respectively) at 0 m and 50 m; Meanwhile, Ebenezer quarry has the highest noise level of 82.50 dB, 79.30 dB and 74.30 dB for 100 m, 150 m and 200 m respectively. Furthermore, out of the seventy (70) respondents interviewed, 22 (31.43%) of the workers had been working for over 5 years. Although, majority of the respondents 66 (94.29%) know the health implication of working in a quarry, only few respondents 6 (8.57%) used the protective gear always. In addition, 21 (39.62%) experienced catarrh monthly, headache 19 (35.85%) weekly, eyes ache 12 (22.64%), ear ringing 7 (13.21) at least daily, body ache 19 (35.85%) daily, skin itch 25 (47.17%) daily, and visual disturbance 10 (18.87%) daily. This study has shown that the quarry workers need to be trained and educated about the impacts of their activities in the environment.
EN
The progress of civilization, urbanization, and industrialization may lead to significant risk of cadmium pollution in the natural environment. The authors draw attention to the likely causes and effects of environmental pollution with cadmium and its impact on human health with a special focus on children. The paper presents the current state of knowledge on prenatal and postnatal exposure to cadmium and its toxic effects on reproductive function. Prophylactics regarding exposure to cadmium are discussed in light of the recommendations of the World Health Organisation and the Environmental Protection Agency and in the context of achieving the goals of the National Health Programme.
PL
Rozwój cywilizacyjny, urbanizacja oraz uprzemysłowienie mogą prowadzić do znacznego zanieczyszczenia środowiska naturalnego kadmem (Cd). Autorzy zwrócili uwagę na możliwe przyczyny i skutki zanieczyszczeń środowiskowych Cd oraz ich wpływ na zdrowie człowieka, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem populacji dzieci. Artykuł przedstawia aktualny stan wiedzy na temat prenatalnego i postnatalnego narażenia na kadm oraz jego toksycznego wpływu na funkcje rozrodcze. Omówiono działania profilaktyczne w zakresie ekspozycji na kadm w świetle zaleceńŚwiatowej Organizacji Zdrowia, rekomendacji Amerykańskiej Agencji Ochrony Środowiska oraz w kontekście realizacji celów Narodowego Programu Zdrowia.
14
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Wastewater reuse

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EN
Once freshwater has been used for an economic or beneficial purpose, it is generally discarded as waste. In many countries, these wastewaters are discharged, either as untreated waste or as treated effluent, into natural watercourses, from which they are abstracted for further use after undergoing "self-purification" within the stream. Through this system of indirect reuse, wastewater may be reused up to a dozen times or more before being discharged to the sea. Such indirect reuse is common in the larger river systems of Latin America. However, more direct reuse is also possible: the technology to reclaim wastewaters as potable or process waters is a technically feasible option for agricultural and some industrial purposes (such as for cooling water or sanitary flushing), and is a largely experimental option for the supply of domestic water. Wastewater reuse for drinking raises public health, and possibly religious, concerns among consumers. The adoption of wastewater treatment and subsequent reuse as a means of supplying freshwater is also determined by economic factors. Human excreta and wastewater contains useful materials. These are water, organic carbon and nutrients and should be regarded as a resource. In their natural cycles, they are broken down by micro-organisms and become accessible to plants and animals, thus sustaining natural ecosystems. When improperly disposed, these substances can cause pollution. This is because the organic materials exert oxygen demand, and the nutrients promote algal growth in lakes, rivers and near-shore marine environments. Human excreta and wastewater also contain pathogens. Reuse of the wastes must ensure that public health is maintained. Planned reuse is the key to wastewater reuse. Planning for reuse ensures that public health and protection of the environment are taken into account. Reuse of treated wastewater for irrigation of crops, for example, will need to meet (i) standards for indicator pathogens, and (ii) plant requirement for water, nitrogen and phosphorus. WHO and others have developed standards for reuse of wastewater for various purposes. Further details of these standards can be found in the Regional Overviews in the Source Book, published by IWA and IETC. It must be pointed out, however, that requirements for water and nutrients are plant-specific and site-specific (dependent on soil type and climate), and information on these requirements need to be obtained from local information sources.
EN
The Chernobyl accident significantly complicated the ecological situation in Ukraine. The existing environmental pollution, which was already rooted in the background, ensures for the most part that the Ukrainian population comes into contact with one of the most powerful universal mutagens - ionizing radiation. This can cause genetic damage in all living beings, including human. As such, it is essential that the Chernobyl accident victims be medically monitored using cytogenetic monitoring – the study of the frequency and spectrum of chromosome aberrations in human peripheral blood lymphocytes with the help of classical (conventional cytogenetics, G-banding analysis) and new (FISHWCP) research methods.
EN
The built environment, which refers to human-made or modified features of the physical neighbourhood, such as homes, schools, workplaces, or parks and recreational areas, undoubtedly has a great impact on our lifestyles and health behaviours. The objective of this paper is a review of the literature on the correlations between neighbourhood environment and weight status of local residents. This paper presents factors in the built environment which may be related to overweight and obesity prevalence among local residents, resulting in changes in energy balance and affecting BMI. The focus is especially on the relationship between the distance from home to parks and green spaces and physical activity levels, and between the access to fast food restaurants and BMI status or obesity prevalence among residents. The results of recent studies are inconsistent, primarily because of several limitations and methodological problems, and due to multifactorial and complex relationships between the built environment and lifestyle. However, with the still unsolved problem of the increasing prevalence of overweight and obesity, even small changes in individual health behaviour may be important and have a positive impact on the reduction in BMI over time. Therefore, all activities aimed at shaping neighbourhood environments in ways which facilitate healthy food choices and create opportunities for as well as encourage physical activity should be supported.
PL
Zurbanizowane środowisko, obejmujące stworzone lub przekształcone przez człowieka elementy środowiska fizycznego, takie jak dom, szkoła, miejsce pracy, czy parki i tereny rekreacyjne, bez wątpienia ma duży wpływ na styl życia i zachowania zdrowotne. Celem pracy jest przegląd piśmiennictwa na temat zależności między środowiskiem miejsca zamieszkania a masą ciała okolicznych mieszkańców. Opisano potencjalny związek między występowaniem nadwagi i otyłości a elementami zabudowy lokalnego środowiska, które poprzez zmiany w bilansie energetycznym mogą wpływać na BMI mieszkańców. Uwzględniono w szczególności zależność między odległością parków i terenów zielonych od domu a poziomem aktywności fizycznej oraz dostępnością restauracji typu fast-food a masą ciała lub występowaniem otyłości wśród mieszkańców. Wyniki ostatnich badań nie są jednoznaczne, przede wszystkim z powodu szeregu problemów metodologicznych oraz wieloczynnikowych i złożonych zależności pomiędzy zabudową środowiska a stylem życia. Jednakże, ze względu na coraz częstsze występowanie nadwagi i otyłości, nawet niewielkie zmiany indywidualnych zachowań zdrowotnych mogą być ważne i pozytywnie wpływać na redukcję BMI z upływem czasu. W związku z powyższym, należy wspierać wszystkie działania na rzecz kształtowania lokalnego środowiska, które ułatwiają dokonywanie zdrowych wyborów żywieniowych oraz stwarzają możliwości i zachęcają do podejmowania aktywności fizycznej.
EN
Objective. The aim of the study was an assessment of adolescent adaptability resources, necessary for the proper social functioning. Material and methods. The study was conducted in 2013-2014 by means of standardised tests, psychological questionnaires and a general questionnaire developed for the purpose of the study, which made it possible to obtain additional necessary data on the study group. Results. The study describes the study group in terms of attitudes and behaviour in relation to certain personality traits and external factors, which may affect the functioning of adolescents. Conclusions. Examined adolescents had good adaptability conducive to proper social functioning. It resulted both from individual personal predispositions as well as from the positive impact of the family and non-family environment. These observations confirm that adolescents require continuous interest and attention from adults and implementing measures to prevent impaired development of individuals and its negative social repercussions.
PL
Cel pracy. Celem pracy była ocena indywidualnych zdolności przystosowawczych młodzieży dorastającej do funkcjonowania społecznego. Materiał i metody. Badania prowadzone były w latach 2013–2014 wśród młodzieży szkół z terenu Sosnowca. W badaniach zastosowane zostały znormalizowane testy i kwestionariusze psychologiczne oraz kwestionariusz ogólny opracowany dla celu badania, który pozwolił uzyskać uzupełniające dane na temat badanej populacji. Wyniki. Badania pozwoliły scharakteryzować badaną populację pod kątem postaw i zachowań w odniesieniu do wybranych cech osobowości oraz czynników zewnętrznych, które mogą mieć wpływ na funkcjonowanie społeczne. Wnioski. Badana młodzież posiadała wiele możliwości adaptacyjnych sprzyjających prawidłowemu funkcjonowaniu społecznemu. Wynikały one zarówno z indywidualnych predyspozycji osobowościowych badanych osób, jak i pozytywnych oddziaływań środowiska rodzinnego i pozarodzinnego. Wyniki wskazały na dwa negatywne zjawiska mające związek z funkcjonowaniem społecznym osób dorastających tj. tendencję do zachowań agresywnych oraz alienację społeczną.
EN
Farmers/herder conflict has been a major national security issue in Nigeria. Despite all efforts of the government and other well-meaning Nigerians, the problem still lingers. This present study seeks to provide a different perspective in curtailing the existing problem. The study indicated that as long as beef remains the most prominent source of red meat in Nigeria, the problem will still persist. The benefits and the challenges of ostrich farming were then discussed. The study recommends that there is a need to publicise the health benefits of ostrich meat so as to attract more consumers and players in the industry.
EN
Introduction. Pain syndromes of the lumbar spine are a major issue requiring undertaking preventive measures. Members of academic staff play a vital role in disseminating information concerning backbone disorders and their prevention. A lecturer may act as an example for students on how to prevent pain syndromes. The aim of this paper is to determine the relationship between work and the lifestyle of academic staff on the one hand and lumbar spinal pain on the other. Material and methods. The study group comprised 103 academic teachers of medical courses divided into two groups: trainers as well as researchers and teaching staff. The diagnostic survey method was used. An opinion poll was the research technique selected; a questionnaire prepared by the authors of this paper was used as the tool. The questionnaire consisted of: demographics, tools to assess the degree of pain, i.e., Jackson-Moskowitz and VAS scales, the Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire as well as questions concerning the respondent’s lifestyle and ways of performing daily activities. Results. The majority of the group suffered or suffer from temporary or moderate lumbar spinal pain. According to the Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire, the people surveyed showed a low degree of disability. The study subjects with a higher BMI indicated higher intensity of pain and demonstrated more severe disability. Conclusions. There is a relation between the BMI and the intensity of pain reported by academic staff as well as the degree of disability. More than half of university teachers know how to perform everyday activities in a correct way and they do so in their lives.
PL
Wstęp. Zespoły bólowe lędźwiowego odcinka kręgosłupa są ważnym problemem, wymagającym podjęcia szeroko zakrojonych działań o charakterze profilaktycznym. Dużą rolę w przekazywaniu informacji dotyczących schorzeń kręgosłupa i ich profilaktyki odgrywają nauczyciele akademiccy. Wykładowca, jako autorytet dla studentów, może stać się przykładem odpowiedniego postępowania w zapobieganiu zespołom bólowym kręgosłupa. Celem pracy jest określenie stopnia zależności między specyfiką wykonywanej pracy i stylem życia nauczycieli akademickich a występującymi u nich dolegliwościami bólowymi odcinka lędźwiowego kręgosłupa. Materiał i metody. Grupę badaną stanowiło 103 nauczycieli akademickich kierunków medycznych, podzielonych na dwie grupy: instruktorzy zawodu oraz pracownicy naukowi i dydaktyczni. W pracy zastosowano metodę sondażu diagnostycznego. Techniką badań była ankieta, narzędzie stanowił kwestionariusz stworzony na potrzeby pracy przez jej autorów. W kwestionariuszu wyróżniono: metryczkę, narzędzia do oceny stopnia natężenia bólu tj.: skalę Jacksona-Moskowitza oraz skalę VAS, Kwestionariusz Niesprawności Roland-Morris i pytania dotyczące stylu życia oraz sposobów wykonywania różnych czynności w ciągu dnia. Wyniki. U zdecydowanej większości respondentów występował lub występuje zespół bólowy dolnego odcinka kręgosłupa, najczęściej okresowy o średnim natężeniu. Wg Kwestionariusza Niesprawności Rolanda-Morrisa u ankietowanych stwierdzono niski stopień niepełnosprawności. Badane osoby z wyższym wskaźnikiem BMI posiadają większe natężenie dolegliwości bólowych i wyższy stopień niepełnosprawności. Wnioski. Istnieje związek pomiędzy wskaźnikiem BMI a natężeniem dolegliwości bólowych kręgosłupa nauczycieli akademickich i stopniem ich niepełnosprawności. Ponad połowa badanych nauczycieli akademickich zna prawidłowe sposoby wykonywania większości czynności codziennych i stosuje je w swoim życiu.
EN
The present paper discusses harmful biological agents in buildings with particular emphasis on Sick Building Syndrome (SBS) and a set of diseases associated with the building (Building Related Illnesses – BRI), appearing as the consequence of humans staying in excessively polluted indoor environment. The article briefly describes the basic sources of biological pollution, the problems associated with microbiological corrosion of construction materials, methods used for the testing of surface and air contamination by microorganisms and the criteria for assessing the degree of the indoor environment pollution.
PL
W przedstawionej pracy przedstawiono zagrożenia związane z występowaniem szkodliwych czynników biologicznych w budynkach mieszkalnych ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem syndromu chorego budynku (SBS) oraz zespołu chorób związanych z budynkiem (BRI) a pojawiających się w następstwie przebywania ludzi w nadmierniezanieczyszczonym środowisku wewnętrznym. Opisano podstawowe źródła zanieczyszczeń i problemy związane z korozją mikrobiologiczną materiałów budowlanych, metody badań powierzchni i powietrza oraz kryteria oceny stopnia zanieczyszczenia środowiska wewnętrznego.
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