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Determination of benzo(a)pyrene content in PM10 using regression methods

100%
Gębicki J., Ludkiewicz T., Namieśnik J.
Medycyna Środowiskowa - Environmental Medicine
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2015
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vol. 18
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issue 4
23-26
EN
The paper presents an attempt of application of multidimensional linear regression to estimation of an empirical model describing the factors influencing on B(a)P content in suspended dust PM10 in Olsztyn and Elbląg city regions between 2010 and 2013. During this period annual average concentration of B(a)P in PM10 exceeded the admissible level 1.5-3 times. Conducted investigations confirm that the reasons of B(a)P concentration increase are low-efficiency individual home heat stations or low-temperature heat sources, which are responsible for so-called low emission during heating period. Dependences between the following quantities were analysed: concentration of PM10 dust in air, air temperature, wind velocity, air humidity. A measure of model fitting to actual B(a)P concentration in PM10 was the coefficient of determination of the model. Application of multidimensional linear regression yielded the equations characterized by high values of the coefficient of determination of the model, especially during heating season. This parameter ranged from 0.54 to 0.80 during the analyzed period.
PL
W pracy przedstawiono próbę zastosowania wielowymiarowej regresji liniowej do szacowania empirycznego modelu opisującego czynniki wpływające na zawartość B(a)P w pyle zawieszonym PM10 na terenie Olsztyna i Elbląga w latach 2010-2013. W tym okresie średnioroczne stężenie B(a)P w pyle PM10 ponad 1,5-3 krotnie przewyższało poziom docelowy. Przeprowadzone badania potwierdziły, że główną przyczyną wzrostu stężenia jest nieefektywność domowych kotłowni czy niskotemperaturowych źródeł ciepła, które odpowiadają za tzw. niską emisję w okresie grzewczym. Analizie poddano wzajemne zależności: stężenia pyłu PM10 w powietrzu, temperaturę powietrza, prędkość wiatru, kierunek wiatru, wilgotność powietrza. Miarą dopasowania modelu do rzeczywistego stężenia B(a)P w PM10 był współczynnik determinacji modelu. Zastosowanie wielowymiarowej regresji liniowej, przyczyniło się do opracowania równań charakteryzujących się wysokimi wartościami współczynnika determinacji modelu zwłaszcza w okresie grzewczym. Parametr ten w analizowanym okresie był na poziomie od 0,54 do 0,80.
2
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Determination of formaldehyde and cyanide ion in human nasal discharge by using simple spectrophotometric methods

100%
Narkowicz S., Polkowska Ż., Namieśnik J.
Open Chemistry
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2013
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vol. 11
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issue 1
16-24
EN
Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) contains many toxic compounds which include substances classified as aldehydes (e.g. formaldehyde) and inorganic substances such as cyanide ions. The information on the determination of these compounds in water is available, but the monitoring data on the level of these substances in human body fluids are still lacking. In this work the procedure for determining cyanide ions and formaldehyde in samples of human nasal discharge by simple spectrophotometric technique is presented.
3
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Analysis of airborne metal containing particles with EDX/EDS detectors in electron microscopes

88%
Sielicki P., Janik H., Guzman A., Reynolds A., Namieśnik J.
Open Chemistry
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2011
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vol. 9
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issue 2
308-313
EN
In years 2006–2010 particulate matter analysis was undertaken for dust samples collected from Gdansk and London area in order to compare their morphology and composition. Part of those studies was devoted to analysis of particulate matter (PM) bearing metals. Characterization of the morphology and size of the particles collected onto the filters was performed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). Both electron microscopes were equipped with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometers to identify the elemental composition of the particles. On analysis of the X-ray spectra acquired by both TEM and SEM, the particles were divided into 10 groups as follows: Al-rich, Ba-rich, C-rich, Ca-rich, Cl-rich, Fe-rich, Mg-rich, Na-rich, S-rich, Si-rich. Speciation of the particles based on the major element and accompanying minor elements yielded 34 particle types. However, some pairs of elements repeat, for instance: Na-Cl and Cl-Na, Al-S and S-Al, Si-Al and Al-Si, S-Ca and Ca-S. These are undoubtedly the same types of particles; variation in peak heights of the major and minor elements is normal in a mixed particle population.
4
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Canned food as a source of bisphenol a (BPA) exposure – estimation of consumption among young women from Gdańsk, Poland

88%
Konieczna A., Rutkowska A., Szczepańska N., Namieśnik J., Rachoń D.
Medycyna Środowiskowa - Environmental Medicine
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2018
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vol. 21
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issue 1
31-34
EN
Introduction: Bisphenol A (BPA) is an organic endocrine disrupting chemical (EDC) that modifies the activity of hormones, leading to adverse health effects. BPA is a stabilizer of polyvinyl chloride – one of the most common synthetic plastic polymers, used in the production of common products, including packaging materials, plastic bottles, toys, and thermal paper; it is also used to synthetize the epoxy resins, a component of food cans. Hence, consumption of canned products – the source of BPA exposure – increases BPA concentration in human body and may increase the risk of several lifestyle diseases and hormonal, metabolic, and fertility disorders. Objectives: To evaluate the regularity of consumption of canned products among young women living in the city of Gdansk (Poland). Patients and methods: 277 women filled a food frequency questionnaire to determine consumption of alimentary products which, according to published research, may be contaminated with BPA Results: Products with high BPA content (>100 ng/g) were consumed at least once a week by 7% of respondents, while these with moderate (10-100 ng/g) and low (<10 ng/g) content of BPA by 33% and 60%, respectively. Conclusions: Young women regularly consume canned products, mostly with low or moderate BPA content. However, persistent exposure, even at low doses, may trigger adverse health effects. Thus, it is crucial to conduct further research on the effects of this EDC on human health and reconsider tolerable daily intake, if such a safe dose of BPA exposure exists. Simultaneously, it would be advisable to find safer materials for food packaging, free from EDC.
PL
Wstęp: Bisfenol A (BPA) jest organicznym związkiem endokrynnie czynnym (ang. endocrine disrupting chemical, EDC), który modyfikuje pracę hormonów powadząc do niekorzystnych dla zdrowia skutków. BPA jest substancją stabilizującą chlorek poliwinylu – jednego z najczęściej stosowanych polimerów plastiku, wykorzystywanego w produkcji powszechnie używanych produktów, w tym: opakowań, plastikowych butelek, zabawek, papieru paragonowego; używany jest także w produkcji żywic epoksydowych umieszczanych w puszkach do żywności. Zatem spożywanie produktów puszkowanych, będące źródłem ekspozycji na BPA, zwiększa jego stężenie BPA w organizmie człowieka i może zwiększać ryzyko chorób cywilizacyjnych, a także zaburzeń hormonalnych, metabolicznych oraz płodności. Celem pracy było oszacowanie częstości spożycia produktów puszkowanych wśród młodych mieszkanek Gdańska. Pacjenci i metody: 277 kobiet wypełniło kwestionariusz żywieniowy mający na celu określenie spożycia produktów puszkowanych, które według danych literaturowych mogą być zanieczyszczone BPA. Wyniki: Produkty o wysokim stężeniu BPA (>100 ng/g) były konsumowane co najmniej raz w tygodniu przez 7% respodentów, podczas gdy te o umiarkowanym (10–100 ng/g) oraz niskim stężeniu (<10 ng/g), były spożywane z tą samą częstością przez odpowiednio 33% oraz 60%. Wnioski: Młode kobiety regularnie spożywają produkty puszkowane, głównie o niskim oraz umiarkowanym stężeniu BPA. Jednakże, długotrwała ekspozycja, nawet na niewielkie dawki, może wywoływać niekorzystne dla zdrowia skutki. Kluczowym jest przeprowadzenie dalszych badań celem określenia efektów ekspozycji człowieka na ten związek oraz ponowne rozważenie tolerowanego dziennego spożycia oraz tego czy istnieje bezpieczna dawka narażenia na BPA. Jednocześnie wskazane jest znalezienie materiałów do opakowań produktów spożywczych, które będą pozbawione EDC.
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Application of linear discriminant analysis to the study of dew chemistry on the basis of samples collected in Poland (2004–2005)

76%
Klimaszewska K., Sârbu C., Polkowska Ż., Lech D., Pasławski P., Małek S., Namieśnik J.
Open Chemistry
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2009
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vol. 7
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issue 1
20-30
EN
This paper presents the results of determination of selected characteristics (anions, cations, formaldehyde, hydrogen peroxide, phenols, TC, TIC, TOC and metals) in dew samples collected in six different sites in Poland. The influence of local parameters (e.g. wind speed, humidity) was investigated. Discriminant analysis was applied to the study of several dew samples collected from different sampling sites covering six agglomerations in Poland. Discriminant function analysis was used not only for classifying samples into different groups with a better than chance accuracy, but also for detecting the most important variables that discern between the groups of samples considered. In this way it was possible to identify which ions or other physicochemical features are responsible for the similarities or differences observed between different groups of dew samples. A good agreement with their origin and location was observed. It is interesting to note that the classification of all samples was dominated by pH, wind direction, pressure and temperature with a significant contribution of Na+ and Cl− ions. [...]
6
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Estimation of platinum in environmental water samples with solid phase extraction technique using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry

76%
Dubiella-Jackowska A., Polkowska Ż., Dariusz L., Pasławski P., Staszek W., Namieśnik J.
Open Chemistry
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2009
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vol. 7
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issue 1
35-41
EN
A solid phase extraction technique for the determination of platinum(IV) at trace levels by inductively coupled plasma mass spectromA solid phase extraction technique for the determination of platinum(IV) at trace levels by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was developed. The method was based on retention of platinum in a sample on silica gel modified with aminepropyl groups. The retention of platinum(IV) from the sample solution and the recovery of platinum with 1.0 mol L−1 thiourea solution were quantitative. The relative standard deviation (RSD) was calculated as 5% (n = 7) at the 10 ng L−1 level. The enrichment factor was found to be (50-fold) for 250 mL of water sample. Under optimum conditions, the method detection limit (MDL) was found to be 1 ng L−1 for platinum in water matrices. Recoveries of Pt from spike addition to atmospheric water samples were quantitative (80–95%). The present method was used for the determination of platinum in precipitation, throughfall and runoff water samples. [...]
7
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Rime samples characterization and comparison using classical and fuzzy principal components analysis

76%
Klimaszewska K., Sârbu C., Polkowska Ż., Błaś M., Sobik M., Namieśnik J.
Open Chemistry
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2008
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vol. 6
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issue 2
208-215
EN
The main objective of this paper is to introduce principal component analysis and two robust fuzzy principal component algorithms as useful tools in characterizing and comparing rime samples collected in different locations in Poland (2004–2007). The efficiency of the applied procedures was illustrated on a data set containing 108 rime samples and concentration of anions, cations, HCHO, as well as pH and conductivity. The fuzzy principal component algorithms achieved better results mainly because they are more compressible than classical PCA and very robust to outliers. For example, a three component model, fuzzy principal component analysis-first component (FPCA-1) accounts for 62.37% of the total variance and fuzzy principal component analysis-orthogonal (FPCA-o) 90.11%; PCA accounts only for 58.30%. The first two principal components explain 51.41% of the total variance in the case of FPCA-1 and 79.59% in the case of FPCA-o as compared to only 47.55% for PCA. As a direct consequence, PCA showed only a partial differentiation of rime samples onto the plane or in the space described by different combination of two or three principal components, whereas a much sharper differentiation of the samples, regarding their origin and location, is observed when FPCAs are applied. [...]
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