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Biotechnologia
|
1995
|
issue 3
20-32
EN
The gene construct and the kind of its promotor have the major influence on the effectiveness of transgenesis via microinjection.A new succesful transgenesis technique is described.
Biotechnologia
|
1998
|
issue 3
14-20
EN
Human gene therapy is one of the methods of the new millennium. There are over 100 protocols of gene therapy accepted by ethics committes and applied succesfully in clinics.
EN
A variety of recombinant DNA molecules have been introduced into the germ line of animals.The results transgenic animals have a diverse range of phenotypes, some of which were expected and some not anticipated.To data, the majority of transgenic animals are mice.However recombinant DNA has been introduced into agriculturally important animals such a sheep, rabbits, pigs, chickens, cattle and fish.In this report, we will survey the consequences of transgene expression in agriculturally important mammals in terms of their effects on growth.Also, we will review the data concerning the use of transgenic mammals as "bioreactors" for the production of recombinant proteins.
EN
Microinjection is one of the most successfully used methods to produce transgenic farm animals. But the effectiveness of transgenesis with the use of microinjection, specially in cattle is still low. Many steps of the transgenesis has been found to influence its effectiveness; DNA purity, the site of its injection, the culture system. There are no reports on the influence of a DNA vector concentration influence on the developmental ability of transformed bovine eggs to the blastocyst stage in the in vitro culture. In presented experiments we investigated the influence of different DNA concentrations on the developmental rate of microinjected immature bovine oocytes, zygotes and 2-cell embryos to the blastocyst stage.
EN
This paper presents the methods of transgenic pigs production and the results based on the long experience of the authors in this area. Moreover, the trends and current issues of transgenic modification in pigs are discussed.
EN
There are many factors affecting transgenic farm animals production. One of them is the effectiveness of the transfer of zygotes and embryos obtained after DNA microinjection. Low effectiveness of the transfer of potentially transgenic blastocysts in cattle is due to their decreased developmental potential in comparison to the blastocysts developed from not microinjected zygotes. A simple short term in vitro culture used for rabbit zygotes after microinjection increased twice the number of produced potentially transgenic rabbits.
EN
There are two principal applications of transgenic animals. Best known and most advanced application is to use transgenic animals (called bioreactors or molecular farms) for the production of various proteins or biopolymers of medical significance. The second application concerns efforts to improve the productivity traits of breeding animals. We have worked out methods which allow somatic cloning of mammals and gene knockout methods. These methods have been developing very rapidly in recent years and their efficiency will soon be improved to the extent that they will become profitable. For the time being, DNA microinjection with all its disadvantages, remains the principal method of producing transgenic bioreactors. In this paper, the effectiveness of production of transgenic rabbits, goats and pigs with the use of WAP-Fuc gene construct is presented.
EN
Eukaryotic expression vectors are usually used for basic research and gene therapy. The major drawback of all vectors is a nonspecific leakage of the message which significantly hampers the use of vectors for the expression of cytotoxic proteins or enzymes. Production of proteins in eukariotic cells would be facilitated by the use of very strong inducible promoters that are well controlled. Such expression systems are presently not available because eukaryotic inducible promoters are usually weak. We designed eukaryotic inducible expression system in which strong expression of reporter gene was achieved. Our system is based on the activity of yeast site-specific recombinase Flp which recognizes two FRT sequences and inverses the orientation of the DNA fragment present between them. When placed in reverse orientation in relation to the promoter, a gene of interest may not be expressed, whereas inversion of such a gene gives full expression. We introduced the gene of interest between FRT sequences and used Flp for the inversion of the gene from reverse to forward orientation. This way, a strong constitutive promoter switches to the inducible mode while preserving its strong promoting activity.
EN
Four transgenic pigs, produced with the use of two different gene constructs containing the bovine growth hormone coding gene - Mt-bGH-10D6 (wild type) and Mt-bGH-M8 (mutated), were used to produce the F1 generation to investigate their performance traits. No differences were observed in fattening and slaughter traits between transgenic and non-transgenic pigs. It was found that the weight of ham proper and loin eye area was significantly higher in carriers of Mt-bGH-10D6 gene constructs.
EN
There are four main trends in the use of transgenic animals. One of the most interesting is the use of transgenic animals as the donors of tissue or organs suitable for transplantation in human ? xenotransplantation. This field of research has been undergoing intensive and increasing study during the past few years, and some encouraging progress is being made. A pig has been identified as the most suitable donor animal. The aim of the presented experiment was to produce transgenic pigs which tissues and organs could be used for the xenotransplantation needs. To target the goal, a competitive gene construct coding the same substrate as the endogenous enzyme of organ donor was introduced. In effect, transgenic boar was produced with confirmed integration of human a1,2 fucosyltransferase gene. Also, F1 generation of transgenic pigs was generated to preserve ongoing needs of preliminary research of xenotransplantation project.
EN
The gene construct WAP(6xHisThr):hGH containing the entire human growth hormone gene (hGH) under the rat whey acidic protein (WAP) promoter regulating the expression in mammary glands of mammals was prepared. The 5? end of the gene was modified by the addition of a sequence encoding six histidine residues and a sequence recognized by thrombin. The gene construct was introduced by microinjection into the male pronucleus of a fertilized oocyte. The founder male rabbit was obtained with the transgene mapping to chromosome 7. The presence of the growth hormone was confirmed in samples of milk collected during the lactation of F1 generation females. The growth hormone can be easily purified by affinity chromatography and cleavage by thrombin to an active form.
EN
The genetic construct WAP 6xHisHGH containing the gene encoding human growth hormone (hGH) and WAP promoter expressed in mammary gland of animals was prepared. The 5? end of the gene was modified by the addition of sequence encoding six histidine residues and the sequence recognized by thrombin. In this way, the growth hormone can be easily purified by affinity chromatography and cleaved with thrombin to an active form. In the next step, the genetic construct was introduced by microinjection into male pronuclei of fertilized oocytes. Transgene was detected in male rabbit of F0 generation (number 61). Twelve offspring of founder rabbit of generation F1 indicated transgene sequences. The presence of growth hormone was revealed in the samples of milk accumulated during the lactation of females of F1 generation. The genetic constructs containing chain 1 and chain 2 of Feld1, and the major allergen produced by cat (Fedlis domesticus) were prepared. Both genes were inactivated by introduction into the sequences a positive selectable marker aminoglycoside phosphotransferase (resistant to neomycin). Outside the region of homology to Feld1 chain 1 and chain 2 genes, the negative selectable marker ? thymidine kinase gene was introduced. The genetic constructs pNTKFd1 and pNTKFd2 can be used in further experiments involving the inactivation of Feld1 genes in cat cells. Both genes were modified by site-directed mutagenesis using megastarter with Stop codon for premature termination of translation. The presence of mutation was confirmed by sequencing. The genetic constructs with human hGH gene and cat Feld1 gene were introduced into the bovine and cat fetal fibroblasts respectively in co-transfection with plasmid pGT-N29 containing positive selectable marker by lipofection, precipitation and electroinjection methods. After the selection, surviving cells were subjected to further molecular analysis. The stabile incorporation of the genetic constructs WAP 6xHisHGH and WAPHGH into the genome were observed.
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