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Lost in time: a historical frame, elementary processing units and the 3-second window

100%
Poppel E.
Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis
|
2004
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vol. 64
|
issue 3
295-301
EN
The main topics of time and timing in psychology, cognitive neuroscience and biology have been formulated already in the nineteenth century. Unfortunately, time and timing as a challenging topic has been put to rest for quite some time, but has become a central issue again during the last years. It has become clear, that perceptual or cognitive processes can only be understood if the dimension of time is taken more seriously. The reduction of complexity in neuronal systems is for instance, achieved by temporal integration mechanisms which are independent of the content of a percept or a cognitive act but are presemantical operations. It is essential to distinguish between content functions and logistical functions that provide presemantically defined temporal frames for mental activity.
2
Content available remote

Conscious control of movements: increase of temporal precision in voluntarily delayed actions?

51%
Szelag E., Rymarczyk K., Poppel E.
Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis
|
2001
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vol. 61
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issue 3
175-179
EN
The variability of simple actions with response to auditory stimuli was studied under different delay conditions. Subjects reacted as fast as possible or with a defined time delay (from 250 to 750 ms) to a tone switching off by pressing a response-key with the left index finger (controlled by the right hemisphere) or with the right one (left hemisphere). For short delays (requested response times below 350 ms) variability of responses was much larger then for longer delays (above 350 ms), especially for the right hand. Thus, precise temporal control on consciously mediated actions sets only in after a rather long delay (in some cases after half a second). Neuronal mechanisms underlying conscious temporal control of actions appear to be different for the two hemispheres.
3
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Temporal order judgement for auditory and visual stimuli

51%
Kanabus M., Szelag E., Rojek E., Poppel E.
Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis
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2002
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vol. 62
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issue 4
263-270
EN
The ability to perceive temporal order for pairs of auditory and visual stimuli was investigated in 12 volunteers. They were asked to make judgements about the order of presented stimuli by pressing two response buttons in a certain order. The performance on auditory and visual tests was studied in relation to the Inter-Stimulus-Interval (ISI), which varied from 5 to 500 ms. In general, the level of performance was similar for the two modalities and the criterion of 75% of correct responses was reached at ISI longer than 40 ms, independently of the modality. These findings are consistent with previous research. However, at ISI of 5 ms, a significantly higher level of correctness was observed for the auditory than visual task. Such a tendency was also observed for ISIs of 10, 20 and 40 ms. Better processing in the auditory compared to the visual task at shorter ISIs may result from a different kind of transduction mechanism at the level of receptive cells in each modality. Alternatively, subjects may use two different kinds of response strategies in the auditory modality, only one being comparable to the response strategy in the visual modality.
4
Content available remote

Two types of anticipation in synchronization tapping

51%
Miyake Y., Onishi Y., Poppel E.
Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis
|
2004
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vol. 64
|
issue 3
415-426
EN
The time perception mechanism in anticipatory timing control was investigated in a synchronization tapping task. An especially negative asynchrony phenomenon in which the tap onset precedes the stimulus onset was used as an anticipatory response. In this experiment, to clarify the effects of higher brain functions, such as attention, a dual-task method was applied and a word memory task was used as a secondary task. The results revealed two types of anticipatory mechanisms from the standpoint of attentional resources involved in time perception. One is the anticipatory tapping that is influenced by attention and seen in the interstimulus-onset interval (ISI) range of 1 800 to 3 600 ms. In this region, the magnitude of synchronization error (SE) between tap onset and stimulus onset was scaled by the ISI. The other is the automatic anticipation that is not affected by attention and is seen in the 450 to 1 500 ms range. SE in this region was constant and independent of the ISI. Accordingly, this anticipatory timing mechanism in synchronous tapping is thought to be a dual process including the attention processing of temporal information and the embodied automatic anticipation.
5
Content available remote

Temporal constraints in processing of nonverbal rhythmic patterns

45%
Szelag E., Steinbuchel N., Reiser M., de Langen E. G., Poppel E.
Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis
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1996
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vol. 56
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issue 1
215-225
EN
This study investigates the effect of a mental content of presented stimuli, normal aging and individual differences in cognitive abilities on temporal limits of an integration mechanism. Younger and older subjects grouped together the beats generated by a metronome. Subjects were asked to listen to the beats of a metronome and to accentuate mentally every second, third, fourth...etc. beats, to create a subjective rhythm. This rhythm exists, in fact, only in subjects' mind and not objectively. Subjects reported verbally how many clicks they were able to integrate into a perceptual unit. On this basis, the time interval during which subjects were able to integrate temporally separated stimuli was calculated (number of beats reported as being integrated x time distance between beats) for different metronome frequencies. The results show, firstly, that the length of integration periods significantly depends on the frequency of presented metronome beats. When the frequency of metronome beats is high, the time interval during which the subjects' integrate beats into a single perceptual unit is shorter. Secondly, older adults integrate information during a longer time interval then the younger ones. Thirdly, the length of an integration period is related to a subjects' level of cognitive ability. These results suggest that the length of an integration period is not a constant, stable feature, but varies across the life span depending on the mental content of the information presented and individual factors.
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