Full-text resources of PSJD and other databases are now available in the new Library of Science.
Visit https://bibliotekanauki.pl

PL EN


Preferences help
enabled [disable] Abstract
Number of results
2013 | 13 | 3 | 168–178

Article title

Zaburzenia psychiczne w toczniu rumieniowatym układowym

Content

Title variants

EN
Mental disorder in systemic lupus erythematosus

Languages of publication

PL

Abstracts

PL
Toczeń rumieniowaty układowy (systemic lupus erythematosus, SLE) jest chorobą tkanki łącznej, rozwijającą się na podłożu autoimmunizacji. Objawy kliniczne SLE są związane z występowaniem nie tylko wykwitów skórnych, ale również dolegliwości ze strony narządów wewnętrznych, a także zaburzeń hematologicznych oraz o charakterze neuropsychiatrycznym. Patogeneza NPSLE (neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus) jest złożona, próbuje się ją wyjaśniać wytwarzaniem autoprzeciwciał oraz odkładaniem się kompleksów immunologicznych, czego następstwem jest cytotoksyczne uszkodzenie neuronów, jak również nieprawidłową ekspresją mediatorów zapalnych i napływem komórek zapalnych, zaburzeniami naczyniowymi i skłonnością do zakrzepów. Całkowita częstość występowania NPSLE jest szacowana na 56,3% pacjentów z SLE. Najczęściej występującymi zaburzeniami psychicznymi u chorych na toczeń rumieniowaty są zaburzenia nastroju, lękowe, poznawcze oraz świadomości. Istotnym aspektem są także polekowe zaburzenia psychiczne. W podejściu terapeutycznym wobec pacjentów z NPSLE o nieznacznej aktywności choroby i/lub nieznacznym stopniu zmian narządowych stosuje się glikokortykosteroidy w niskich dawkach oraz – w zależności od potrzeb – leki przeciwlękowe, przeciwdepresyjne, niekiedy kwas walproinowy, karbamazepinę, lamotryginę i preparaty przeciwpsychotyczne. W profilaktyce przeciwzakrzepowej u chorych z grupy ryzyka stosuje się kwas acetylosalicylowy.
EN
The systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a connective tissue disorder, being developed on the basis of the autoallergy. Clinical symptoms of SLE are connected not only with the occurrence of cutaneous exanthemata, but can also manifest itself with the row of symptoms on the part of internal organs, with haematologic distempers and symptoms about the neuropsychiatric character. The pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus (NPSLE) is complicated and one tries to become clear her with the production of autoantibodies and with the postponement himself antigen–antibody complexes, what a succession is the cytotoxic damage of neurons, an irregular expression of inflammatory mediators and an influx of inflammatory cells, vascular distempers and an inclination to thrombuses. The entire frequency of the occurrence NPSLE is estimated on 56.3% patients with SLE. Most often mental disorders in patients with lupus erythematosus are mood disorder, anxiety disorder, cognitive disorders and consciousness clouding. An essential aspect there are also drug-induced mental trouble. In the therapeutic approach in the therapy of NPSLE about the slight activity of the disease and/or the slight degree of organ changes complies glucocorticoids in low doses and depending on needs medicines counterphobic, antidepressant, sometimes the valproic acid, the carbamazepine, the lamotrigine and anti-psychotic preparations. In the antithrombotic prophylaxis at ill from the risk population the acetylsalicylic acid complies.

Discipline

Year

Volume

13

Issue

3

Pages

168–178

Physical description

Contributors

  • Zakład Psychologii Lekarskiej UM w Łodzi
author
  • Zakład Psychologii Lekarskiej UM w Łodzi
  • Klinika Dermatologii i Wenerologii UM w Łodzi
author
  • Zakład Mikrobiologii i Serologii Instytutu Reumatologii w Warszawie
  • Instytut Psychiatrii i Neurologii, Wydział Farmakologii UM w Warszawie
author
  • Klinika Chorób Wewnętrznych i Rehabilitacji Kardiologicznej UM w Łodzi
author
  • Klinika Dermatologii i Wenerologii UM w Łodzi
  • Klinika Dermatologii i Wenerologii UM w Łodzi
  • Klinika Dermatologii i Wenerologii UM w Łodzi

References

  • 1.Deapen D., Escalante A., Weinrib L. i wsp.: A revised esti­mate of twin concordance in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 1992; 35: 311–318.
  • 2.Obermoser G., Pascual V.: The interferon-α signature of sys­temic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 2010; 19: 1012–1019.
  • 3.Sherer Y., Gorstein A., Fritzler M.J., Shoenfeld Y.: Autoanti­body explosion in systemic lupus erythematosus: more than 100 different antibodies found in SLE patients. Semin. Arthri­tis Rheum. 2004; 34: 501–537.
  • 4.Bertsias G.K., Ioannidis J.P., Boletis J. i wsp.: EULAR points to consider for conducting clinical trials in systemic lupus erythematosus: literature based evidence for the selection of endpoints. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 2009; 68: 477–483.
  • 5. Hochberg M.C.: Updating the American College of Rheuma­tology revised criteria for the classification of systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 1997; 40: 1725–1734.
  • 6. Isenberg D.: Thirty years, five hundred patients: some lessons learned from running a lupus clinic. Lupus 2010; 19: 667–674.
  • 7. Cervera R., Khamashta M.A., Font J. i wsp.: Morbidity and mortality in systemic lupus erythematosus during a 10-year period: a comparison of early and late manifestations in a cohort of 1,000 patients. Medicine (Baltimore) 2003; 82: 299–308.
  • 8. Unterman A., Nolte J.E., Boaz M. i wsp.: Neuropsychiatric syndromes in systemic lupus erythematosus: a meta-analysis. Semin. Arthritis Rheum. 2011; 41: 1–11.
  • 9. Braun-Falco O., Plewig G., Wolff H.H., Burgdorf W.H.C.: Diseases of connective tissue. W: Braun-Falco O., Plewig G., Wolff H.H., Burgdorf W.H.C. (red.): Dermatology. Springer, New York 2000: 751–833.
  • 10. Urowitz M.B., Bookman A.A., Koehler B.E. i wsp.: The bimodal mortality pattern of systemic lupus erythematosus. Am. J. Med. 1976; 60: 221–225.
  • 11. ACR Ad Hoc Committee of Neuropsychiatric Lupus Nomen­clature. The American College of Rheumatology nomenclature and case definitions for neuropsychiatric lupus syndromes. Arthritis Rheum. 1999; 42: 599–608.
  • 12. Hawro T., Krupińska-Kun M., Rabe-Jabłońska J. i wsp.: Psy­chiatric disorders in patients with systemic lupus erythemato­sus: association of anxiety disorder with shorter disease dura­tion. Rheumatol. Int. 2011; 31: 1387–1391.
  • 13. Meszaros Z.S., Perl A., Faraone S.V.: Psychiatric symptoms in systemic lupus erythematosus: a systematic review. J. Clin. Psychiatry 2012; 73: 993–1001.
  • 14. Popescu A., Kao A.H.: Neuropsychiatric systemic lupus ery­thematosus. Curr. Neuropharmacol. 2011; 9: 449–457.
  • 15. Karassa F.B., Afeltra A., Ambrozic A. i wsp.: Accuracy of anti-ribosomal P protein antibody testing for the diagnosis of neu­ropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus: an international meta-analysis. Arthritis Rheum. 2006; 54: 312–324.
  • 16. Sherer Y., Shoenfeld Y.: Intravenous immunoglobulin for immunomodulation of systemic lupus erythematosus. Auto­immun. Rev. 2006; 5: 153–155.
  • 17. Kimura A., Kanoh Y., Sakurai T. i wsp.: Antibodies in patients with neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus. Neurolo­gy 2010; 74: 1372–1379.
  • 18. Denburg S.D., Carbotte R.M., Denburg J.A.: Cognitive impair­ment in systemic lupus erythematosus: a neuropsychological study of individual and group deficits. J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsy­chol. 1987; 9: 323–339.
  • 19. Martinez X., Tintoré M., Montalbán J. i wsp.: Antibodies against gangliosides in patients with SLE and neurological manifestations. Lupus 1992; 1: 299–302.
  • 20. Kinnunen E., Järvinen P., Ketonen L., Sepponen R.: Co-twin control study on cerebral manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus. Acta Neurol. Scand. 1993; 88: 422–426.
  • 21. Denburg S.D., Behmann S.A., Carbotte R.M., Denburg J.A.: Lymphocyte antigens in neuropsychiatric systemic lupus ery­thematosus. Relationship of lymphocyte antibody specificities to clinical disease. Arthritis Rheum. 1994; 37: 369–375.
  • 22. Sanna G., Piga M., Terryberry J.W. i wsp.: Central nervous sys­tem involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus: cerebral imaging and serological profile in patients with and without overt neuropsychiatric manifestations. Lupus 2000; 9: 573–583.
  • 23. Tin S.K., Xu Q., Thumboo J. i wsp.: Novel brain reactive autoantibodies: prevalence in systemic lupus erythematosus and association with psychoses and seizures. J. Neuroimmu­nol. 2005; 169: 153–160.
  • 24. Williams R.C. Jr, Sugiura K., Tan E.M.: Antibodies to micro­tubule-associated protein 2 in patients with neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 2004; 50: 1239–1247.
  • 25. Omdal R., Brokstad K., Waterloo K. i wsp.: Neuropsychiatric disturbances in SLE are associated with antibodies against NMDA receptors. Eur. J. Neurol. 2005; 12: 392–398.
  • 26. Denburg S.D., Carbotte R.M., Ginsberg J.S., Denburg J.A.: The relationship of antiphospholipid antibodies to cognitive function in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. J. Int. Neuropsychol. Soc. 1997; 3: 377–386.
  • 27. Reiff A., Miller J., Shaham B. i wsp.: Childhood central ner­vous system lupus; longitudinal assessment using single pho­ton emission computed tomography. J. Rheumatol. 1997; 24: 2461–2465.
  • 28. Song J., Park Y.B., Lee W.K. i wsp.: Clinical associations of anti-endothelial cell antibodies in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Rheumatol. Int. 2000; 20: 1–7.
  • 29. Shimojima Y., Matsuda M., Gono T. i wsp.: Relationship between clinical factors and neuropsychiatric manifestations in systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin. Rheumatol. 2005; 24: 469–475.
  • 30. Mikdashi J., Handwerger B.: Predictors of neuropsychiatric damage in systemic lupus erythematosus: data from the Maryland lupus cohort. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2004; 43: 1555–1560.
  • 31. Eber T., Chapman J., Shoenfeld Y.: Anti-ribosomal P-protein and its role in psychiatric manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus: myth or reality? Lupus 2005; 14: 571–575.
  • 32. Margutti P., Sorice M., Conti F. i wsp.: Screening of an endo­thelial cDNA library identifies the C-terminal region of Nedd5 as a novel autoantigen in systemic lupus erythemato­sus with psychiatric manifestations. Arthritis Res. Ther. 2005; 7: R896–R903.
  • 33. Domiciano D.S., Carvalho J.F., Shoenfeld Y.: Pathogenic role of anti-endothelial cell antibodies in autoimmune rheu­matic diseases. Lupus 2009; 18: 1233–1238.
  • 34. Kotzin B.L., Kozora E.: Anti-DNA meets NMDA in neuro­psychiatric lupus. Nat. Med. 2001; 7: 1175–1176.
  • 35. Ballabh P., Braun A., Nedergaard M.: The blood-brain barrier: an overview: structure, regulation, and clinical implications. Neurobiol. Dis. 2004; 16: 1–13.
  • 36. Trysberg E., Blennow K., Zachrisson O., Tarkowski A.: Intra­thecal levels of matrix metalloproteinases in systemic lupus erythematosus with central nervous system engagement. Arthritis Res. Ther. 2004; 6: R551–R556.
  • 37. Svenungsson E., Andersson M., Brundin L. i wsp.: Increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines and nitric oxide metabo­lites in neuropsychiatric lupus erythematosus. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 2001; 60: 372–379.
  • 38. Ho A., Barr S.G., Magder L.S., Petri M.: A decrease in com­plement is associated with increased renal and hematologic activity in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthri­tis Rheum. 2001; 44: 2350–2357.
  • 39. Abramson S.B., Buyon J.P.: Activation of the complement path­way: comparison of normal pregnancy, preeclampsia, and sys­temic lupus erythematosus during pregnancy. Am. J. Reprod. Immunol. 1992; 28: 183–187.
  • 40. Riedemann N.C., Guo R.F., Bernacki K.D. i wsp.: Regulation by C5a of neutrophil activation during sepsis. Immunity 2003; 19: 193–202.
  • 41. Kastl S.P., Speidl W.S., Kaun C. i wsp.: In human macro­phages the complement component C5a induces the expres­sion of oncostatin M via AP-1 activation. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 2008; 28: 498–503.
  • 42. Laudes I.J., Chu J.C., Huber-Lang M. i wsp.: Expression and function of C5a receptor in mouse microvascular endothelial cells. J. Immunol. 2002; 169: 5962–5970.
  • 43. Kaikita K., Ogawa H., Yasue H. i wsp.: Tissue factor expression on macrophages in coronary plaques in patients with unstable angina. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 1997; 17: 2232–2237.
  • 44. Clausen B.H., Lambertsen K.L., Babcock A.A. i wsp.: Inter­leukin-1beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha are expressed by different subsets of microglia and macrophages after isch­emic stroke in mice. J. Neuroinflammation 2008; 5: 46.
  • 45. McHale J.F., Harari O.A., Marshall D., Haskard D.O.: TNF-α and IL-1 sequentially induce endothelial ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression in MRL/lpr lupus-prone mice. J. Immunol. 1999; 163: 3993–4000.
  • 46. Rollins B.J., Yoshimura T., Leonard E.J., Pober J.S.: Cyto­kine-activated human endothelial cells synthesize and secrete a monocyte chemoattractant, MCP-1/JE. Am. J. Pathol. 1990; 136: 1229–1233.
  • 47. Pasceri V., Willerson J.T., Yeh E.T.: Direct proinflammatory effect of C-reactive protein on human endothelial cells. Cir­culation 2000; 102: 2165–2168.
  • 48. Roubey R.A.: Mechanisms of autoantibody-mediated throm­bosis. Lupus 1998; 7 supl. 2: S114–S119.
  • 49. Lai K.N., Leung J.C., Lai K.B. i wsp.: Increased release of von Willebrand factor antigen from endothelial cells by anti-DNA autoantibodies. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 1996; 55: 57–62.
  • 50. Frostegård J.: SLE, atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. J. Intern. Med. 2005; 257: 485–495.
  • 51. Sobów T.: Zaburzenia psychiczne w przebiegu chorób soma­tycznych. Elementy psychogeriatrii konsultacyjnej. W: Sobów T.: Praktyczna psychogeriatria. Continuo, Wrocław 2010.
  • 52. West S.G., Emlen W., Wener M.H., Kotzin B.L.: Neuropsy­chiatric lupus erythematosus: a 10-year prospective study on the value of diagnostic tests. Am. J. Med. 1995; 99: 153–163.
  • 53. Líndal E., Thorlacius S., Steinsson K., Stefánsson J.G.: Psy­chiatric disorders among subjects with systemic lupus erythe­matosus in an unselected population. Scand. J. Rheumatol. 1995; 24: 346–351.
  • 54. Ainiala H., Loukkola J., Peltola J. i wsp.: The prevalence of neuropsychiatric syndromes in systemic lupus erythemato­sus. Neurology 2001; 57: 496–500.
  • 55. Jarpa E., Babul M., Calderón J. i wsp.: Common mental dis­orders and psychological distress in systemic lupus erythema­tosus are not associated with disease activity. Lupus 2011; 20: 58–66.
  • 56. Brey R.L., Holliday S.L., Saklad A.R. i wsp.: Neuropsychiatric syndromes in lupus: prevalence using standardized definitions. Neurology 2002; 58: 1214–1220.
  • 57. Khan S., Haddad P., Montague L., Summerton C.: Systemic lupus erythematosus presenting as mania. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 2000; 101: 406–408.
  • 58. Alao A.O., Chlebowski S., Chung C.: Neuropsychiatric sys­temic lupus erythematosus presenting as bipolar I disorder with catatonic features. Psychosomatics 2009; 50: 543–547.
  • 59. Wada K., Yamada N., Sato T. i wsp.: Corticosteroid-induced psychotic and mood disorders: diagnosis defined by DSM-IV and clinical pictures. Psychosomatics 2001; 42: 461–466.
  • 60. Erickson K., Drevets W., Schulkin J.: Glucocorticoid regula­tion of diverse cognitive functions in normal and patholog­ical emotional states. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 2003; 27: 233–246.
  • 61. Pucak M.L., Kaplin A.I.: Unkind cytokines: current evidence for the potential role of cytokines in immune-mediated depres­sion. Int. Rev. Psychiatry 2005; 17: 477–483.
  • 62. Zalcman S.S., Siegel A.: The neurobiology of aggression and rage: role of cytokines. Brain Behav. Immun. 2006; 20: 507–514.
  • 63. Kraus M.R., Schäfer A., Faller H. i wsp.: Psychiatric symptoms in patients with chronic hepatitis C receiving interferon alfa-2b therapy. J. Clin. Psychiatry 2003; 64: 708–714.
  • 64. Alisky J.M., Chertkova E.L., Iczkowski K.A.: Drug interac­tions and pharmacogenetic reactions are the basis for chloro­quine and mefloquine-induced psychosis. Med. Hypotheses 2006; 67: 1090–1094.
  • 65. Cronin M.J.: Some calcium and lysosome antagonists inhibit 3H-spiperone binding to the porcine anterior pituitary. Life Sci. 1982; 30: 1385–1389.
  • 66. Chugani D.C., Ackermann R.F., Phelps M.E.: In vivo [3H] spiperone binding: evidence for accumulation in corpus stri­atum by agonist-mediated receptor internalization. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 1988; 8: 291–303.
  • 67. D’Amato R.J., Alexander G.M., Schwartzman R.J. i wsp.: Evidence for neuromelanin involvement in MPTP-induced neurotoxicity. Nature 1987; 327: 324–326.
  • 68. Collins G.B., McAllister M.S.J.: Chloroquine psychosis mas­querading as PCP: a case report. J. Psychoactive Drugs 2008; 40: 211–214.
  • 69. Osifo N.G.: Drug-related transient dyskinesias. Clin. Pharma­col. Ther. 1979; 25: 767–771.
  • 70. Amabeoku G.J.: Some behavioural effects of chloroquine in rats suggesting dopaminergic activation. Indian J. Med. Res. 1994; 99: 87–94.
  • 71. Schatzberg A.F., Nemeroff C.B.: Textbook of Psychopharma­cology. The American Psychiatric Publishing, Washington 2009.
  • 72. Bulkley B.H., Roberts W.C.: The heart in systemic lupus ery­thematosus and the changes induced in it by corticosteroid therapy. A study of 36 necropsy patients. Am. J. Med. 1975; 58: 243–264.
  • 73. Doria A., Shoenfeld Y., Wu R. i wsp.: Risk factors for subclinical atherosclerosis in a prospective cohort of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 2003; 62: 1071–1077.
  • 74. Esdaile J.M., Abrahamowicz M., Grodzicky T. i wsp.: Tradi­tional Framingham risk factors fail to fully account for accel­erated atherosclerosis in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthri­tis Rheum. 2001; 44: 2331–2337.
  • 75. Petri M., Perez-Gutthann S., Spence D., Hochberg M.C.: Risk factors for coronary artery disease in patients with sys­temic lupus erythematosus. Am. J. Med. 1992; 93: 513–519.
  • 76. Zeller C.B., Appenzeller S.: Cardiovascular disease in system­ic lupus erythematosus: the role of traditional and lupus relat­ed risk factors. Curr. Cardiol. Rev. 2008; 4: 116–122.
  • 77. Jagannathan S.N., Connor W.E., Baker W.H., Bhattacha­ryya A.K.: The turnover of cholesterol in human atheroscle­rotic arteries. J. Clin. Invest. 1974; 54: 366–377.
  • 78. Hansson G.K., Hermansson A.: The immune system in ath­erosclerosis. Nat. Immunol. 2011; 12: 204–212.
  • 79. Kwak B., Mulhaupt F., Veillard N. i wsp.: The HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor simvastatin inhibits IFN-γ induced MHC class II expression in human vascular endothelial cells. Swiss Med. Wkly 2001; 131: 41–46.
  • 80. Mok C.C., Wong C.K., To C.H. i wsp.: Effects of rosuvastatin on vascular biomarkers and carotid atherosclerosis in lupus: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Arthri­tis Care Res. (Hoboken) 2011; 63: 875–883.
  • 81. Costenbader K.H., Liang M.H., Chibnik L.B. i wsp.: A pravas­tatin dose-escalation study in systemic lupus erythematosus. Rheumatol. Int. 2007; 27: 1071–1077.
  • 82. Ferreira G.A., Teixeira A.L., Sato E.I.: Atorvastatin therapy reduces interferon-regulated chemokine CXCL9 plasma levels in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 2010; 19: 927–934.
  • 83. Abud-Mendoza C., de la Fuente H., Cuevas-Orta E. i wsp.: Therapy with statins in patients with refractory rheumatic dis­eases: a preliminary study. Lupus 2003; 12: 607–611.
  • 84. Tendolkar I., Enajat M., Zwiers M.P. i wsp.: One-year choles­terol lowering treatment reduces medial temporal lobe atro­phy and memory decline in stroke-free elderly with atrial fibrillation: evidence from a parallel group randomized trial. Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry 2012; 27: 49–58.
  • 85. Padala S., Thompson P.D.: Statins as a possible cause of inflammatory and necrotizing myopathies. Atherosclerosis 2012; 222: 15–21.
  • 86. Noël B.: Lupus erythematosus and other autoimmune diseas­es related to statin therapy: a systematic review. J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol. 2007; 21: 17–24.
  • 87. Bannwarth B., Miremont G., Papapietro P.M.: Lupuslike syn­drome associated with simvastatin. Arch. Intern. Med. 1992; 152: 1093.
  • 88. Hanson J., Bossingham D.: Lupus-like syndrome associated with simvastatin. Lancet 1998; 352: 1070.
  • 89. Khosla R., Butman A.N., Hammer D.F.: Simvastatin-induced lupus erythematosus. South Med. J. 1998; 91: 873–874.
  • 90. Ahmad A., Fletcher M.T., Roy T.M.: Simvastatin-induced lupus-like syndrome. Tenn. Med. 2000; 93: 21–22.
  • 91. Rudski L., Rabinovitch M.A., Danoff D.: Systemic immune reactions to HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors. Report of 4 cases and review of the literature. Medicine (Baltimore) 1998; 77: 378–383.
  • 92. Sridhar M.K., Abdulla A.: Fatal lupus-like syndrome and ARDS induced by fluvastatin. Lancet 1998; 352: 114.
  • 93. Jiménez-Alonso J., Jaimez L., Sabio J.M. i wsp.: Atorvastatin-induced reversible positive antinuclear antibodies. Am. J. Med. 2002; 112: 329–330.
  • 94. Graziadei I.W., Obermoser G.E., Sepp N.T. i wsp.: Drug-induced lupus-like syndrome associated with severe autoim­mune hepatitis. Lupus 2003; 12: 409–412.
  • 95. Ahmad S.: Lovastatin-induced lupus erythematosus. Arch. Intern. Med. 1991; 151: 1667–1668.
  • 96. Pego-Reigosa J.M., Isenberg D.A.: Psychosis due to systemic lupus erythematosus: characteristics and long-term outcome of this rare manifestation of the disease. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2008; 47: 1498–1502.
  • 97. Appenzeller S., Cendes F., Costallat L.T.: Acute psychosis in sys­temic lupus erythematosus. Rheumatol. Int. 2008; 28: 237–243.
  • 98. Sanna G., Piga M., Terryberry J.W. i wsp.: Central nervous sys­tem involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus: cerebral imaging and serological profile in patients with and without overt neuropsychiatric manifestations. Lupus 2000; 9: 573–583.
  • 99. Borba E.F., Bonfá E.: Longterm beneficial effect of chloro­quine diphosphate on lipoprotein profile in lupus patients with and without steroid therapy. J. Rheumatol. 2001; 28: 780–785.
  • 100. Lorenc R.S., Głuszko P., Karczmarewicz E. i wsp.: Zalecenia postępowania diagnostycznego i leczniczego w osteoporozie. Obniżenie częstości złamań poprzez efektywną profilaktykę i leczenie. Terapia 2007; 9: 9–39.
  • 101. Agmon-Levin N., Blank M., Zandman-Goddard G. i wsp.: Vitamin D: an instrumental factor in the anti-phospholipid syndrome by inhibition of tissue factor expression. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 2011; 70: 145–150.
  • 102. Barile-Fabris L., Ariza-Andraca R., Olguín-Ortega L. i wsp.: Controlled clinical trial of IV cyclophosphamide versus IV methylprednisolone in severe neurological manifestations in systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 2005; 64: 620–625.
  • 103. Tokunaga M., Saito K., Kawabata D. i wsp.: Efficacy of ritux­imab (anti-CD20) for refractory systemic lupus erythemato­sus involving the central nervous system. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 2007; 66: 470–475.
  • 104. Zandman-Goddard G., Krauthammer A., Levy Y. i wsp.: Long-term therapy with intravenous immunoglobulin is bene­ficial in patients with autoimmune diseases. Clin. Rev. Allergy Immunol. 2012; 42: 247–255.

Document Type

article

Publication order reference

Identifiers

YADDA identifier

bwmeta1.element.psjd-2cf47402-8ac3-440b-a73c-420125c56581
JavaScript is turned off in your web browser. Turn it on to take full advantage of this site, then refresh the page.