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2005 | 5 | 4 | 271-281

Article title

Ataksje rdzeniowo-móżdżkowe: od genotypu do fenotypu

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Abstracts

EN
Spinocerebellar ataxias are heterogenic group of hereditary neurodegenerative diseases, characterized by progressive degeneration of Purkinje cells in cerebellum and neurons of the brainstem. This condition causes a broad spectrum of clinical symptoms to occur: ataxia of gait, posture and limbs, dysarthria, ophthalmoplegia, retinopathy, optic atrophy, pyramidal and extrapyramidal disorders, neuropathy of variable manifestation, amyotrophy, cognitive impairment and epileptic seizures. These symptoms inevitably lead to disability of varying degree. Not until recently has it become possible to identify and classify this group of diseases by means of molecular biology methods. Research proved the majority of cases to be the result of the change in a number of repetitive DNA sequences (most frequently CAG) in a particular gene, i.e. dynamic mutation. If this mutation occurs in a coding region, protein with pathologically expanded polyglutamine sequence (polyQ, polyGln) is assembled, which eventually forms neuronal intranuclear inclusions (NII). Those aggregates tend to confiscate important proteins, proteasome subunits and transcription factors among others, yet current understanding of their role in the emergence of the disease indicates their protective rather than destructive function. Dynamic mutation may also take place in a non-coding part of a particular gene, e.g. intron or non-translated region, which leads to the loss of its function or toxic reactions on the mRNA level. Discovery of dynamic mutations being the cause of spinocerebellar ataxias explains some of the phenomena observed in course of the disease, e.g. anticipation. However, present knowledge of pathophysiology of spinocerebellar ataxias is insufficient. It is only when in-depth analysis of molecular pathways leading to the occurrence of clinical symptoms is performed that potentially promising therapeutic strategies will be developed and utilized.
PL
Ataksje rdzeniowo-móżdżkowe są heterogenną grupą dziedzicznych chorób neurodegeneracyjnych charakteryzujących się postępującym zwyrodnieniem komórek Purkinjego w móżdżku i neuronów pnia mózgu. Powoduje to wystąpienie szerokiego spektrum objawów klinicznych: niezborności chodu, postawy i kończyn, dyzartrii, oftalmoplegii, retinopatii, zaniku nerwu wzrokowego, zaburzeń funkcji układu piramidowego i pozapiramidowego, różnopostaciowej klinicznie neuropatii, amiotrofii, zaburzeń poznawczych oraz napadów padaczkowych. Objawy te nieodłącznie prowadzą do inwalidztwa o różnym stopniu nasilenia. Dopiero niedawno możliwa stała się identyfikacja i klasyfikacja tej grupy chorób oparta na metodach biologii molekularnej. Badania wykazały, że w większości przypadków za rozwinięcie fenotypu chorobowego odpowiedzialna jest zmiana liczby powtarzalnych sekwencji DNA (najczęściej CAG) w odpowiednim genie, czyli mutacja dynamiczna. Jeśli mutacja ma miejsce w regionie kodującym, skutkuje to powstaniem białka o patologicznie wydłużonej sekwencji poliglutaminowej (polyQ, polyGln), które tworzy neuronalne inkluzje wewnątrzjądrowe. Agregaty te sekwestrują wiele różnych białek, m.in. podjednostki proteasomów i czynniki transkrypcyjne, jednak obecnie uważa się, że pełnią one raczej rolę protekcyjną niż są odpowiedzialne za wystąpienie fenotypu chorobowego. Mutacja dynamiczna może zajść również w obszarze niekodującym genu, np. intronie lub regionie niepodlegającym translacji, powodując utratę funkcji genu, jej zaburzenie lub toksyczne reakcje na poziomie mRNA. Stwierdzenie, że ataksje rdzeniowo-móżdżkowe są wywoływane mutacją dynamiczną, wyjaśnia niektóre zjawiska obserwowane w przebiegu tych chorób, np. antycypację. Jednak wiedza na temat patofizjologii ataksji rdzeniowo-móżdżkowych jest niewystarczająca. Dopiero dogłębne poznanie szlaków molekularnych prowadzących do wystąpienia objawów klinicznych może pozwolić na wdrożenie potencjalnie skutecznych strategii terapeutycznych w tej grupie chorób.

Discipline

Year

Volume

5

Issue

4

Pages

271-281

Physical description

Contributors

  • Studenckie Koło Naukowe przy Klinice Neurologii, Katedra i Klinika Neurologii Akademii Medycznej im. K. Marcinkowskiego w Poznaniu, ul. Przybyszewskiego 49, 60-355 Poznań, tel. 061 867 98 87, 061 869 15 35, faks 061 869 91 97

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