Determination of mycotoxin producing moulds using culture and non-culture characterization and proximate composition of stored grains and legumes in Imo State, Nigeria

• Authors: Ndidi Blessing Ohabughiro
• Languages of publication: EN

Abstracts

EN

Cereals and legumes are the major food sources for people in a developing country. Four grains and legumes (rice, maize wheat and groundnut) stored for 2 - 4 months in different packaging materials. These samples were randomly selected from three different markets. They were assessed for the presence of mycotoxin producing moulds and for the production of mycotoxins. Standard microbiological and molecular methods were used in the isolation and identification of moulds. A multimycotoxin method based on Liquid Chromatography tandem mass spectrometry was used to analyze both the qualitative and quantitative occurrence of mycotoxin fungal metabolites. Proximate composition was determined using the method of Association of official Analytical chemist. The moulds isolated and identified culturally were Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus spp., Aspergillus tamarii Penicillium chrysogenum, Fusarium spp., Rhizopus stolonifer, Rhizopus nigricans and Mucor spp. The percentage occurrence of non-culturally 18S rRNA gene sequence dominant mould species identified were Aspergillus flavus (46%) followed by Aspergillus tamarii (23%), Aspergillus niger (18%), and Penicillium chrysogenum (9%) while the least was (4%) Aspergillus brunneoviolaceus. The Phylogenic tree was constructed by using the geneious software version 4.0. Aflatoxin, ochratoxins, fumonisin, deoxynevalenol and zearalenone were the different mycotoxins detected in stored grains and legumes. Ochratoxin A had the highest concentration of 371.8 ± 7.878 while Deoxynevalenol had the least concentration of 320 ± 4.617. Different values for Moisture Content, Crude Protein, Crude Fibre, Ash, Carbohydrate and Energy Value were determined. Groundnut 558.74 ± 279.37 had the highest energy value while Wheat 315.08 ± 157.54 had the least energy value. Grains and Legumes are essential for good health. There is a strong need to devise good storage condition for stored grains and legumes to avoid mycotoxigenic moulds contamination.

Keywords

EN

Aspergillus spp.; Mycotoxins; Phylogenetic tree; Proximate composition; Stored grains and legumes

Discipline

• MICROBIOLOGY: MICROBIOLOGY

• Publisher: Scientific Publishing House „DARWIN”
• Journal: World News of Natural Sciences
• Year: 2024
• Volume: 54
• Pages: 70-82

Contributors

author

Ndidi Blessing Ohabughiro

• Department of Microbiology, Imo State University Owerri, P.M.B 2000, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria

References

• [1] Kassam, A., Friedrich, T., Derpsch, R. and Kienzle, J. Overview of the Worldwide spread of Conservation Agriculture. The Journal of Field Actions Science Report 8 (2016) 241-242
• [2] Fandohan, P. Hell, K., Marasas, W.F.O and Wingfield, M.J Infection of maize by Fusarium species and contamination with fumonisins in Africa. African Journal Biotechnology, 2 (2003) 570-579
• [3] Pitt, J.I and Hockings, A.D. Mycotoxins in Australia: Biocontrol of aflatoxin in peanuts. Mycopathologia. 162 (2006) 233-243
• [4] Hawksworth, D.L. The Fungal Dimension of Biodiversity: Magnitude, Significance and Conservation. Mycology Research 95 (2006) 641-655
• [5] Akerstrand, K. Mould and Yeast Determination in Foods. Nordic Committee on Food Analysis, 23 (1995) 633
• [6] Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC). Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International, 17th ed.; AOAC International: Gaithersburg, MD, USA, 2000.
• [7] Hamed, T. Sampling methods in research methodology; How to choose a Sampling technique for research. Electronic Journal, 5 (2) (2016) 18-27
• [8] Avasthi, S and Bhadauria, R. Diversity, Pathogenicity and Toxicology of Aspergillus niger. An important Spoilage Fungi. Res. J. Microbiology 6 (2011) 270-280
• [9] Beuchat, I.R. Enumeration of Fungi in Grain Flours and Meals as influence by settling time in diluent and by recovery Medium. Journal of Food Protection, 55 (1992) 899-901
• [10] Bennette, J.W and Klich, M. Mycotoxins. Clinical Microbiology Rev. 16 (2003) 497-516
• [11] Tortorano, A. M., Richardson, M and Roilides, E. ESCMID and ECMM joint guidelines on diagnosis and management of hyalohyphomycosis. Fusarium spp. Scedosporium spp. and others. Clinical Microbiology Infection 20 (3) (2014) 27-46.
• [12] Platt, A. R., Woodhall, R. W. and George, A.L. Improved DNA sequencing quality and efficiency using an optimized fast cycle sequencing protocol. Bio Techniques, 43 (1) (2007) 58-62
• [13] Altschul, S.F., Warren, G., Miller, W., Myers, E.N. and Luman, D. Basic Alignment Search Tool. Journal of Molecular Biology 215 (3) (1990) 403-410
• [14] Matthew, k., Richard, M., Amy, W. and Steven, S.H. Geneious Basic: An integrated and extendable desktop software platform for the organization and analysis of Sequence data. Bioinformatics, 28 (12), (2012) 1647-9
• [15] Sulyok, M., Berthiller, F., Krska, R. and Schuhmacher, R. Development and Validation of a liquid chromatography/ tandem mass spectrometric method for the determination of 39 mycotoxins in wheat and maize. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry, 20 (18), (2006) 2649-2659
• [16] Wagara, I.N., Mata, S. and Nakavuma, J.L. Isolation of mycotoxigenic moulds contaminating maize and groundnuts in selected districts of Kenya. Research Journal of Microbiology, 9 (2014) 177-188
• [17] Hussaini, A.M., Timothy, A.G., Olufunmailayo, H.A., Ezekiel, A.S. and Godwin, H.O. Fungi and some mycotoxins found in mouldy sorghum in Niger State Nigeria. World Journal on Agricultural Science, 5 (2009) 5-17
• [18] Varga, J., Frisvad, J.C. and Samson, R.A. Two new aflatoxin producing species and an overview of Aspergillus species. Journal of Mycology, 69 (2011) 57-80
• [19] Schmale, D.G. and Munkold, G.P. Mycotoxins in crops: A threat to human and domestic animal health. Plant Health Instructor, 3 (2009) 340-353
• [20] Ekeanyanwu, C.L., Alisi, C.S. and Ekeanyanwu, R. C. Levels of aflatoxin M1 and selected heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Cr, Cu, Zn, Fe, As and Hg) in the breast milk of lactating mothers in south Eastern, Nigeria. Journal of Food Control, 11 (2020) 107150
• [21] Oyeniran, J.O. The Role of Fungi in the Deterioration of Tropical Stored Products. Nigerian stored products Research Institute Occasional Paper Series Number. 2 (1978) 3-5
• [22] Wagacha, J.M and Muthomi, J, W. Review on mycotoxin problem in Africa: Current status, implications to food safety and health and possible management strategies. Int J. Food Microbiology, 124 (2008) 1-12
• [23] Kamboj Rajni and Nanda Vikas. Proximate composition, nutritional profile and Health benefits of legumes & ndash; A review. Legume Research. 41(3) (2017) 325-332
• [24] Nwanekezi, E. C. Composite flours of baked products and possible challenges. Nigerian Food Journal, 31(2) (2013) 8–17
• [25] Ocheme OB, Adedeji OE, Chinma CE, Yakubu CM, Ajibo UH. Proximate composition, functional, and pasting properties of wheat and groundnut protein concentrate flour blends. Food Sci Nutr. 6 (2018) 1173–1178

• Document Type: article