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2015 | 15 | 60 | 72-84

Article title

Entezopatie i zapalenie entez. Część I. Etiopatogeneza

Content

Title variants

EN
Enthesopathies and enthesitis. Part 1. Etiopathogenesis

Languages of publication

EN PL

Abstracts

EN
The pathologies of tendon and ligament attachments are called enthesopathies. One of its types is enthesitis which is a characteristic sign of peripheral spondyloarthropathy. Clinical diagnosis of enthesitis is based on rather non-specific clinical signs and results of laboratory tests. Imaging examinations are highly promising. Numerous publications prove that enthesitis can be differentiated from other enthesopathic processes in an ultrasound examination or magnetic resonance imaging. However, some reports indicate the lack of histological criteria, specific immunological changes and features in imaging examinations that would allow the clinical diagnosis of enthesitis to be confirmed. The first part of the publication presents theories on the etiopathogenesis of enthesopathies: inflammatory, mechanical, autoimmune, genetic and associated with the synovio-entheseal complex, as well as theories on the formation of enthesophytes: inflammatory, molecular and mechanical. The second part of the paper is a review of the state-of-the-art on the ability of imaging examinations to diagnose enthesitis. It indicates that none of the criteria of inflammation used in imaging medicine is specific for this pathology. As enthesitis may be the only symptom of early spondyloarthropathy (particularly in patients with absent HLA-B27 receptor), the lack of its unambiguous picture in ultrasound and magnetic resonance scans prompts the search for other signs characteristic of this disease and more specific markers in imaging in order to establish diagnosis as early as possible.
PL
Patologie przyczepów ścięgien i więzadeł są określane mianem entezopatii. Jednym z rodzajów entezopatii jest zapalenie (enthesitis), które stanowi charakterystyczny objaw spondyloartropatii obwodowych. Enthesitis jest rozpoznawane przez klinicystów na podstawie mało specyficznych objawów klinicznych i wyników badań laboratoryjnych. Duże nadzieje wiązane są z badaniami obrazowymi. Wiele prac naukowych dowodzi możliwości różnicowania zapalenia entez z innymi procesami entezopatycznymi w badaniach ultrasonograficznych albo metodą rezonansu magnetycznego. W sprzeczności pozostają doniesienia wskazujące na brak kryteriów histologicznych, specyficznych zmian immunologicznych oraz cech w badaniach obrazowych pozwalających na potwierdzenie klinicznego rozpoznania zapalenia. W pierwszej części publikacji przedstawiono teorie etiopatogenezy entezopatii: zapalną, mechaniczną, kompleksu entezy, autoimmunologiczną i genetyczną oraz koncepcje powstawania entezofitów: zapalną, molekularną i mechaniczną. Druga część pracy stanowi przegląd aktualnej wiedzy na temat możliwości badań obrazowych w rozpoznawaniu enthesitis. Wskazuje on, że żadne ze stosowanych w badaniach obrazowych kryteriów zapalenia nie jest specyficzne dla tej patologii. Ze względu na fakt, że może być ono jedynym objawem spondyloartropatii w początkowym ich okresie (zwłaszcza u chorych z nieobecnym antygenem HLA-B27), brak jednoznacznego obrazu enthesitis w badaniach ultrasonograficznych i rezonansu magnetycznego wymaga poszukiwania innych objawów charakterystycznych dla tych chorób oraz bardziej specyficznych markerów w badaniach obrazowych w celu jak najszybszego ustalenia rozpoznania.

Discipline

Year

Volume

15

Issue

60

Pages

72-84

Physical description

Contributors

  • Department of Radiology, Institute of Rheumatology, Warsaw, Poland. Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Second Faculty, Warsaw Medical University, Poland
  • Early Arthritis Clinic, Institute of Rheumatology, Warsaw, Poland
  • Department of Diagnostic Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Warsaw, Poland. Department of Pathophysiology, Immunology, and Pathological Anatomy, Institute of Rheumatology, Warsaw, Poland
  • Department of Pathophysiology, Immunology, and Pathological Anatomy, Institute of Rheumatology, Warsaw, Poland

References

  • 1. Eshed I, Bollow M, McGonagle DG, Tan AL, Althoff CE, Asbach P et al.: MRI of enthesitis of the appendicular skeleton in spondyloarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2007; 66: 1553-1559.
  • 2. D’Agostino MA: Role of ultrasound in the diagnostics work-up of spondyloarthritis. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2012; 24: 375-379.
  • 3. Benjamin M, McGonagle D: The enthesis organ concept and its relevance to the spondyloarthropathies. Adv Exp Med Biol 2009; 649: 57-70.
  • 4. Filipucci E, Aydin SZ, Karadag O, Salaffi F, Gutierrez M, Direskeneli H et al.: Reliability of high-resolution ultrasonography in the assessment of Achilles tendon enthesopathy in seronegative spondyloarthropathies. Ann Rheum Dis 2009; 68: 1850-1855.
  • 5. de Miguel E, Muńoz-Fernandez S, Castillo C, Cobo-Ibańez T, Martin-Mola E: Diagnostic accuracy of enthesis ultrasound in the diagnosis of early spondyloarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2011; 70: 434^39.
  • 6. D’Agostino MA, Aegerter P, Jousse-Joulin S, Chary-Valckenaere I, Lecoq B, Gaudin P et al.: How to evaluate and improve the reliability of power Doppler ultrasonography for assessing enthesitis in spondyloarthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2009; 61: 61-69.
  • 7. Sudoł-Szopińska I, Zaniewicz-Kaniewska K, Kwiatkowska B: Spectrum of ultrasound pathologies of Achilles tendon, plantar aponeurosis and flexor digiti brevis entheses in patients with clinically suspected enthesitis. Pol J Radiol 2014 [w druku].
  • 8. Benjamin M, McGonagle D: The enthesis organ concept and its relevance to the spondyloarthropathies. In: López-Larrea C, Diaz-Peńa R (eds.): Molecular mechanisms of spondyloarthropathies. Landes Bioscience and Springer Science + Business Media, New York 2009: 57-70.
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  • 12. Emad Y, Ragab Y, Gheita T, Anbar A, Kamal H, Saad A et al.; Knee Enthesitis Working Group: Knee enthesitis and synovitis on magnetic resonance imaging in patients with psoriasis without arthritic symptoms. J Rheumatol 2012; 39: 1979-1986.
  • 13. Benjamin M, Toumi H, Ralphs JR, Bydder G, Best TM, Milz S: Where tendons and ligaments meet bone: attachment sites (“enthuses”) in relation to exercise and/or mechanical load. J Anat 2006; 208: 471-490.
  • 14. Franęois RJ, Braun J, Khan MA: Entheses and enthesitis: a histopathologic review and relevance to spondyloarthritides. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2001; 13: 255-264.
  • 15. Tei MM, Farraro KF, Woo SLY: Ligament and Tendon Enthesis: Anatomy and Mechanics. In: Structural Interfaces and Attachements in Biology. Springer, New York 2013: 69-89.
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Document Type

article

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YADDA identifier

bwmeta1.element.psjd-a2110632-6573-44fd-b9cc-4a7352acf2e3
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