Coronavirus: The Hidden Truth

• Authors: Ridwan Olamilekan Adesola , Sakariyau Adio Waheed , Lukman Abodunrin
• Languages of publication: EN

Abstracts

EN

Coronavirus is one of the most dangerous and contagious illnesses that arise from the introduction of host organisms into the biological system. As of March 2022, this sickness had caused more harm than good, with 479 million cases and 6.12 million deaths worldwide. These illnesses are unpredictable sources of social, financial, and economic distress. The rising incidence of infections is the most concerning aspect. Human coronaviruses were discovered in the 1960s using two distinct ways in the United Kingdom and the United States, while the first reports of coronavirus infection in animals occurred in the late 1920s when an acute respiratory infection of farmed hens developed in North America. Although some estimates place the common ancestor as far back as 55 million years or more, reflecting long-term co-evolution with bat and bird species, the most recent common ancestor (MRCA) of all coronaviruses is thought to have lived as recently as 8000 BCE. Coronaviruses have a single-stranded, positive-sense RNA genome that ranges in size from 26.4 to 31.7 kilobases. When the viral spike protein binds to its matching host cell receptor, infection occurs. There is no specific, effective, or 100 percent cure for coronavirus as of 2021, but supportive care, which includes treatment to relieve symptoms, fluid therapy, oxygen support, and prone positioning as needed, as well as medications or devices to support other affected vital organs, is the cornerstone of COVID-19 management.

Keywords

EN

BioNTech; Coronavirus; Covid-19; Spike protein

Discipline

• MEDICAL_BIOLOGY: MEDICAL BIOLOGY

• Publisher: Scientific Publishing House „DARWIN”
• Journal: World News of Natural Sciences
• Year: 2022
• Volume: 43
• Pages: 38-59

Contributors

author

Ridwan Olamilekan Adesola

• Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria

author

Sakariyau Adio Waheed

• Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Science, Federal University of Technology Minna, Bosso LGA, Niger State, Nigeria

author

Lukman Abodunrin

• University of Ilorin, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Weed Science, Kwara State, Ilorin, Nigeria

References

• [1] Adeyemi Aderogba, Nigeria’s Media Framing of COVID – 19 Pandemic: A Content Analysis of Selected National Dailies. World Scientific News 159 (2021) 167-178
• [2] Alsaadi, E.A., and Jones, I.M. (2019). Membrane binding proteins of coronaviruses. Future Virology, 14(4): 275-286
• [3] Anderson, R.M., Heesterbeek, H., Klinkenberg, D., and Hollingsworth, T.D. (2020). How will country-based mitigation measures influence the course of the COVID-19 epidemic? Lancet, 395 (10228): 931–934
• [4] Anthony, S. J., Johnson, C. K., Greig, D. J., Kramer, S., Che, X., Wells, H., ... & Goldstein, T. (2017). Global patterns in coronavirus diversity. Virus evolution, 3(1), vex012
• [5] Bande, F., Arshad, S.S., Bejo, M.H., Moeini, H., and Omar, A.R. (2015). Progress and challenges toward the development of vaccines against avian infectious bronchitis. Journal of Immunology Research, 42: 48-60
• [6] Beyrouti, R., Adams, M. E., Benjamin, L., Cohen, H., Farmer, S. F., Goh, Y. Y., ... & Werring, D. J. (2020). Characteristics of ischaemic stroke associated with COVI-19. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 91(8), 889-891
• [7] Bénézit, F., Le Turnier, P., Declerck, C., Paillé, C., Revest, M., Dubée, V., ... & Raffi, F. (2020). Utility of hyposmia and hypogeusia for the diagnosis of COVID-19. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 20(9), 1014-1015
• [8] Boseley, S. (2020). WHO warns of global shortage of face masks and protective suits. The Guardian. Retrieved 12 February, 2020.
• [9] Brueck, H. (2020). There's only one way to know if you have the coronavirus, and it involves machines full of spit and mucus. Business Insider. Archived from the original on 1 February, 2020. Retrieved 1 February, 2020.
• [10] Bullard, J., Dust, K., Funk, D., Strong, J.E., Alexander, D., and Garnett, L. (2020). Predicting infectious SARS-CoV-2 from diagnostic samples. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 45: 78-90
• [11] Burke, M. (2020). COVID-19 reduces economic activity, which reduces pollution, which saves lives. Global Food, Environment and Economic Dynamics. Retrieved 16 May, 2020
• [12] Bushnell, L.D., and Brandly, C.A. (1933). Laryngotracheitisin chicks. Poultry Science, 12(1): 55–60
• [13] Oberfeld, B., Achanta, A., Carpenter, K., Chen, P., Gilette, N. M., Langat, P., ... & Pillai, S. (2020). SnapShot: covid-19. Cell, 181(4), 954-954
• [14] Cavanagh, D., Mawditt, K., Sharma, M., Drury, S.E., Ainsworth, H.L., Britton, P., and Gough, R.E. (2001). Detection of a coronavirus from turkey poults in Europe genetically related to infectious bronchitis virus of chickens. Avian Pathology, 30(4): 355–368
• [15] Center for Disease Control and Prevention, (2020). 2019 Novel coronavirus, Wuhan, China. 2020. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-nCoV/summary.html. Accessed 1 Feb. 2020.
• [16] Crossley, B.M., Mock, R.E., Callison, S.A., and Hietala, S.K. (2012). Identification and characterization of a novel alpacarespiratory coronavirus most closely related to the human coronavirus 229E. Viruses, 4(12): 3689–700
• [17] Cruz, J.L., Becares, M., Sola, I., Oliveros, J.C., Enjuanes, L., and Zúñiga, S. (2013). Alphacoronavirus protein 7 modulates host innate immune response. Journal of Virology, 87(17): 9754–9767
• [18] Cui, J., Han, N., Streicker, D., Li, G., Tang, X., and Shi, Z. (2007). Evolutionary relationships between bat coronaviruses and their hosts. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 13(10): 1526–1532
• [19] Decaro, N. (2011). Gammacoronavirus. In Tidona C, Darai G (eds.). Gammacoronavirus: Coronaviridae. The Springer Index of Viruses, 403–413
• [20] Zielinski, S., & Botero, C. M. (2020). Beach tourism in times of COVID-19 pandemic: critical issues, knowledge gaps and research opportunities. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(19), 7288
• [21] de-Groot, R.J., Baker, S.C., Baric, R., Enjuanes, L., Gorbalenya, A.E., Holmes, K.V., Perlman, S., Poon, L., Rottier, P.J., Talbot, P.J., Woo, P.C., and Ziebuhr, J. (2011). Family Coronaviridae. In King, A.M., Lefkowitz, E., Adams, M.J., Carstens, E.B., International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses, International Union of Microbiological Societies. Virology Division. Nineth Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses; Oxford: Elsevier, 806–828.
• [22] Estola, T. (1970). Coronaviruses, a New Group of Animal RNA Viruses. Avian Diseases, 14(2): 330–336
• [23] Fabricant, J. (1998). The Early History of Infectious Bronchitis. Avian Diseases, 42(4): 648–650
• [24] Fan, Y., Zhao, K., Shi, Z.L., and Zhou, P. (2019). Bat coronaviruses in China. Viruses, 11(3): 210
• [25] Fehr, A.R., and Perlman, S. (2015). Coronaviruses: an overview of their replication and pathogenesis. In Maier HJ, Bickerton E, Britton P(eds.). Coronaviruses. Methods in Molecular Biology, 1–23.
• [26] Zachariah, P., Johnson, C. L., Halabi, K. C., Ahn, D., Sen, A. I., Fischer, A., ... & Lakhaney, D. (2020). Epidemiology, clinical features, and disease severity in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in a children’s hospital in New York City, New York. JAMA Pediatrics, 174(10), e202430-e202430
• [27] Forgie, S., and Marrie, T.J. (2009). Healthcare-associated a typical pneumonia. Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 30(1): 67–85
• [28] Forni, D., Cagliani, R., Clerici, M., and Sironi, M. (2017). Molecular Evolution of Human Coronavirus Genomes. Trends in Microbiology, 25(1): 35–48
• [29] Furukawa, N.W., Brooks, J.T., and Sobel, J. (2020). Evidence Supporting Transmission of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 While Presymptomatic or Asymptomatic. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 26(7).
• [30] Gandhi, R.T., Lynch, J.B., and Del- Rio, C. (2020). Mild or Moderate Covid-19. The New England Journal of Medicine, 383(18): 1757–1766
• [31] Zhao, S., Lin, Q., Ran, J., Musa, S. S., Yang, G., Wang, W., ... & Wang, M. H. (2020). Preliminary estimation of the basic reproduction number of novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in China, from 2019 to 2020: A data-driven analysis in the early phase of the outbreak. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 92, 214-217
• [32] Goldsmith, C.S., Tatti, K.M., Ksiazek, T.G., Rollin, P.E., Comer, J.A., and Lee, W.W. (2004). Ultrastructural characterization of SARS coronavirus. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 10(2): 320–326
• [33] Gouilh, M.A., Puechmaille, S.J., Gonzalez, J.P., Teeling, E., Kittayapong, P., and Manuguerra, J.C. (2011). SARS-Coronavirus ancestor's foot-prints in South-East Asian bat colonies and the refuge theory. Infection, Genetics and Evolution, 11(7): 1690–1702
• [34] Gralinski, L.E., and Menachery, V.D. (2020). Return of the coronavirus: 2019-nCoV. Viruses, 12: 135
• [35] Grant, M.C., Geoghegan, L., Arbyn, M., Mohammed, Z., McGuinness, L., Clarke, E.L., Wade, R.G. (2020). The prevalence of symptoms in 24,410 adults infected by the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2;COVID-19): A systematic review and meta-analysis of 148 studies from 9 countries. PLOS ONE, 15(6): 34765
• [36] Guan, W.J., NiZ, Y., Hu, Y., Liang, W.H., Ou, C.Q., He J.X., et al. (April 2020). Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China. The New England Journal of Medicine, 382(18): 1708–1720
• [37] Hagan, W.A., Bruner, D.W ., Gillespie, J.H., Timoney, J.F., Scott, F.W., and Barlough, J.E. (1988). Hagan and Bruner's Microbiology and Infectious Diseases of Domestic Animals: With Reference to Etiology, Epizootiology, Pathogenesis, Immunity, Diagnosis, and Antimicrobial Susceptibility. Cornell University Press, 440.
• [38] Hamre, D., and Procknow, J.J. (1966). A new virus isolated from the human respiratory tract. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine, 121(1): 190–193
• [39] Hassan, S., Sheikh, F.N., Jamal, S., Ezeh, J.K., and Akhtar, A. (2020). Coronavirus (COVID-19): A Review of Clinical Features, Diagnosis, and Treatment. Cureus, 12: 7355
• [40] Henry, B.M. (2020). COVID - 19, ECMO, and lymphopenia: a word of caution. The Lancet; Respiratory Medicine, 8(4): 24
• [41] Hsu, L. Y., Chia, P. Y., & Lim, J. F. (2020). The novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic. Ann Acad Med Singap, 49(3), 105-7
• [42] Huynh, J., Li,S., Yount, B., Smith, A., Sturges, L., and Olsen, J.C. (2012). Evidence supporting a zoonotic origin of human coronavirus strain NL63. Journal of Virology, 86(23): 12816–12825
• [43] Kendall, E.J., Bynoe, M.L., and Tyrrell, D.A. (1962). Virus isolations from common colds occurring in a residential school. British Medical Journal, 2(5297): 82–86
• [44] Kim, P.S., Read, S.W ., and Anthony, S. (2020). Therapy for Early COVID-19. American Medical Association, 324(21): 2149–2150
• [45] King, A. (2020). An uncommon cold. New Scientist, 246(3280): 32–35
• [46] Lai, M.M., and Cavanagh, D. (1997). The molecular biology of coronaviruses. Advances in Virus Research, 48: 1–100
• [47] Lalchhandama, K. (2020). The chronicles of coronaviruses: the electron microscope, the doughnut, and the spike. Science Vision, 20(2): 78–92
• [48] Lau, S.K., Li, K.S., Tsang, A.K., Lam, C.S., Ahmed, S., and Chen, H. (2013). Genetic characterization of Betacoronavirus lineage C viruses in bats reveals marked sequence divergence in the spike protein of pipistrellus bat coronavirus HKU5 in Japanese pipistrelle: implications for the origin of the novel Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus. Journal of Virology, 87(15): 8638–8650
• [49] Lee, E.Y., Ng, M.Y., and Khong, P.L. (2020). COVID-19 pneumonia: what has CT taughtus? The Lancet; Infectious Diseases, 20(4): 384–385
• [50] Li, Y., and Xia, L. (2020). Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Role of Chest CT in Diagnosis and Management. American Journal of Roentgenology, 214(6): 1280–1286
• [51] Liu, K., Fang, Y.Y., Deng, Y., Liu, W ., Wang, M.F., and Ma, J.P. (2020). Clinical characteristics of novel coronavirus cases in tertiary hospitals in Hubei Province. Chinese Medical Journal, 133(9): 1025–1031
• [52] Martel, J., Ko, Y.F., Young, J.D., and Ojcius, D.M. (2020). Could nasal breathing help to mitigate the severity of COVID-19. Microbes and Infection, 22(4–5): 168–171
• [53] Masters, P.S. (2006). The molecular biology of coronaviruses. Advances in Virus Research, 66: 193–292
• [54] Medical eExpert group of Tongji hospital, (2020). Quick guide to the diagnosis and treatment of pneumonia for novel coronavirus infections (third edition). Herald Medicine, http://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/42.1293.r.20200130.1803.002.html Accessed 2 Feb2020
• [55] McIntosh, K. (1974). Coronaviruses: A Comparative Review. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, 87.
• [56] McMahon, J. (2020). Study: Coronavirus Lockdown Likely Saved 77,000 Lives In China Just By Reducing Pollution. Forbes. Archived from the original on 17 March 2020. Retrieved 16 March, 2020.
• [57] Monto, A.S. (1984). Coronaviruses. In Evans AS (ed.). Viral Infections of Humans. Viral Infections of Humans: Epidemiology and Control, 151–165
• [58] Kidd, W., and Murray, J. (2020). The Covid-19 pandemic and its effects on teacher education in England: how teacher educators moved practicum learning online. European Journal of Teacher Education, 43(4), 542-558
• [59] Mullard, A. (2020). How COVID vaccines arebeing divided up around the world Canada leads the pack in terms of doses secured per capita. Nature. Retrieved 11 December, 2020.
• [60] Murphy, F.A., Gibbs, E.P., Horzinek, M.C., and Studdart, M.J. (1999). Veterinary Virology. Boston: Academic Press, 495–508
• [61] Myllyvirta, L. (2020). Analysis: Coronavirus has temporarily reduced China's CO2 emissions by a quarter. Carbon Brief. Archived from the original on 4 March, 2020. Retrieved 16 March, 2020.
• [62] Naskalska, A., Dabrowska, A., Szczepanski, A., Milewska, A., Jasik, K.P., and Pyrc, K. (2019). Membrane Protein of Human Coronavirus NL63 Is Responsible for Interaction with the Adhesion Receptor. Journal of Virology, 93(19)
• [63] Noh, J. Y., Song, J. Y., Yoon, J. G., Seong, H., Cheong, H. J., & Kim, W. J. (2020). Safe hospital preparedness in the era of COVID-19: The Swiss cheese model. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 98, 294-296
• [64] Neuman, B.W., Kiss, G., Kunding, A.H., Bhella, D., Baksh, M.F., and Connelly, S. (2011). A structural analysis of M-protein in coronavirus assembly and morphology. Journal of Structural Biology, 174(1): 11–22
• [65] Newburger, E. (2020). Coronavirus could weaken climate change action and hit clean energy investment, researchers warn. CNBC. Archived from the original on 15 March 2020. Retrieved 16 March, 2020.
• [66] Nogrady, B. (2020). W hat the data say about asymptomatic COVID infections. Nature, 587(7835): 534–535
• [67] Oran, D.P., and Eric, J. (2020). Prevalence of Asymptomatic SARS-Co-2 Infection: A Narrative Review. Annals of Internal Medicine, 173(5): 362-367
• [68] Payne, S. (2017). Chapter 17-Family Coronaviridae. Viruses; Academic Press, 149–158
• [69] Pfefferle, S., Oppong, S., Drexler, J.F., Gloza-Rausch, F., Ipsen, A., and Seebens, A. (2009). Distant relatives of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus and close relatives of human coronavirus 229 E in bats, Ghana. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15(9): 1377–13784
• [70] Pormohammad A, Ghorbani S, Khatami A, Razizadeh MH, Alborzi E, Zarei M, Idrovo JP, Turner RJ. Comparison of influenza type A and B with COVID-19: A global systematic review and meta-analysis on clinical, laboratory and radiographic findings. Rev Med Virol. 2021 May; 31(3): e2179. doi: 10.1002/rmv.2179
• [71] Richmond, C. (2005). David Tyrrell. British Medical Journal, 330(7505), 1451
• [72] Rutz, C., Loretto, M., Bates, A.E., Davidson, S.C., Duarte, C.M., Jetz, W., Johnson, M., Kato, A., Kays, R., Mueller, T., and Primack, R.B. (2020). COVID-19 lockdown allows researchers to quantify the effects of human activity on wildlife. Nature Ecology & Evolution, 4(9): 1156–1159
• [73] Sadniman Rahman, Shofiul Alam, Ummay Sumaya Wafa, Mohammad Wasiful Gofur, Irina Rashid, Sadia Islam, Abdullah Al Mehedi, Personal Hygiene Assessment Among Different University Students of Dhaka, Bangladesh: A Step Towards the Prevention of COVID-19 Pandemic. World Scientific News 147 (2020) 197-208
• [74] Salehi, S., Abedi, A., Balakrishnan, S., and Gholamrezanezhad, A. (2020). Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): A Systematic Review of Imaging Findings in 919 Patients. American Journal of Roentgenology, 215(1): 87–93
• [75] Sanders, J.M., Monogue, M.L., Jodlowski, T.Z., and Cutrell, J.B. (2020). Pharmacologic Treatments for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): A Review. Journal of American Medicine and Anatomy, 323(18): 1824–1836
• [76] Sexton, N.R., Smith, E.C., Blanc, H., Vignuzzi, M., Peersen, O.B., and Denison, M.R. (2016). Homology-Based Identification of a Mutation in the Coronavirus RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase That Confers Resistance to Multiple Mutagens. Journal of Virology, 90(16): 7415–7428
• [77] Siemieniuk, R.C., Bartoszko, J.J., Ge, L., Zeraatkar, D., Izcovich, A., Kum, E., Chu, D.K., Couban., Darzi, A., Devji, T., Fang, B., and Brignardello-Petersen, R. (2020). Drug treatments for covid-19: living systematic review and network meta-analysis. Britain Medical Journal, 370: 2980
• [78] Simmons, G., Zmora, P., Gierer, S., Heurich, A., and Pöhlmann, S. (2013). Proteolytic activation of the SARS-coronavirus spike protein: cutting enzymes at the cutting edge of antiviral research. Antiviral Research, 100(3): 605–614
• [79] Singhal, T. (2020). A Review of Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19). Indian Journal of Pediatric, 87: 281-286
• [80] Snijder, E.J., Bredenbeek, P.J., Dobbe, J.C., Thiel, V., Ziebuhr, J., and Poon, L.L. (2003). Unique and conserved features of genome andproteome of SARS- coronavirus, a nearly split-off from the coronavirus group 2 lineage. Journal of Molecular Biology, 331(5): 991–1004
• [81] So, A.D., and Woo, J. (2020). Reserving coronavirus disease 2019 vaccines for global access: cross section alanalysis. Britain Medical Journal, 371: 47-50
• [82] Fiset-Laniel, J., Guyon, A. I., Perreault, R., & Strumpf, E. C. (2020). Public health investments: neglect or wilful omission? Historical trends in Quebec and implications for Canada. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 111(3), 383-388
• [83] Su, S., Wong, G., Shi, W., Liu, J., Lai, A.C., Zhou, J., Liu, W., Bi, Y., and Gao, G.F. (2016). Epidemiology, Genetic Recombination, and Pathogenesis of Coronaviruses. Trends in Microbiology, 24(6): 490–502
• [84] Team, R., Covid, C. D. C., Team, R., Covid, C. D. C., COVID, C., Team, R., ... & Skoff, T. (2020). Coronavirus disease 2019 in children—United States, february 12–april 2, 2020. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 69(14), 422
• [85] Tirotta, E., Carbajal, K.S., Schaumburg, C.S., W hitman, L., and Lane, T.E. (2010). Cell replacement therapies to promote remyelination in a viral model of demyelination. Journal of Neuroimmunology, 224(1–2): 101–107
• [86] Tyrrell, D.A., and Bynoe, M.L. (1965). Cultivation of a Novel Type of Common-Cold Virus in Organ Cultures. British Medical Journal, 1(5448): 1467–1470
• [87] Venter, Z.S., Aunan, K., Chowdhury, S., and Lelieveld, J. (2020). COVID-19 lockdowns cause global air pollution declines. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 117(32): 18984–18990
• [88] Vijaykrishna, D., Smith, G.J., Zhang, J.X., Peiris, J.S., Chen, H., and Guan, Y. (2007). Evolutionary insights into the ecology of coronaviruses. Journal of Virology, 81(8): 4012–4020
• [89] Wang, Y., W ang, Y., Chen, Y., and Qin, Q. (2020). Unique epidemiological and clinical features of the emerging 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19) implicate special control measures. Journal of Medical Virology, 45: 568–576
• [90] Wei, X., She, G., Wu, T., Xue, C., and Cao, Y. (2020). PED Venters cells through clathrin-, caveolae-, and lipid raft-mediated endocytosis and traffics via the endo-/lysosome pathway. Veterinary Research, 51(1): 10
• [91] W Meiss, S.R., and Navas-Martin, S. (2005). Coronavirus pathogenesis and the emerging pathogen severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, 69(4): 635–664
• [92] Wertheim, J.O., Chu, D.K., Peiris, J.S., Pond, S.L., and Poon, L.L. (2013). A case for the ancient origin of coronaviruses. Journal of Virology, 87(12): 7039–7045
• [93] Wiersinga, W.J., Rhodes, A., Cheng, A.C., Peacock, S.J., and Prescott, H.C. (2020). Pathophysiology, Transmission, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): A Review. Journal of American Medicine and Anatomy, 324(8): 782–793
• [94] WHO, (2020). Novel Coronavirus–China. 2020. https://www.who.int/csr/don/12- january-2020-novel-coronavirus-china/en/. Accessed 1 Feb., 2020.
• [95] Wiles, S. (2020). After 'Flatten the Curve', we must now' Stop the Spread'. Here's what that means. The Spinoff. Archived from the original on 26 March 2020. Retrieved 13 March, 2020.
• [96] Woo, P.C., Lau, S.K., Lam, C.S., Lau, C.C., Tsang, A.K., and Lau, J.H. (2012). Discovery of seven novel mammalian and avian coronaviruses in the genus deltacoronavirus supports bat coronaviruses as the gene source of alphacoronavirus and betacoronavirus and avian coronaviruses as the gene source of gamma coronavirus and deltacoronavirus. Journal of Virology, 86(7): 3995–4008
• [97] Yuen, K.F., Wang, X., Ma, F., and Li, K.X. (2020). The psychological causes of panic buying following a health crisis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(10): 3513
• [98] Zhang, R., Zhang, Y., Lin, H., Feng, X., Fu, T., and Wang, Y. (2020). NOx Emission Reduction and Recovery during COVID-19 in East China. Atmosphere, 11(4): 433
• [99] Zhou, P., Fan, H., Lan, T., Yang, X.L., Shi, W.F., and Zhang, W. (2018). Fatal swine acute diarrhoea syndrome caused by an HKU2-related coronavirus of bat origin. Nature, 556(7700): 255–258
• [100] Zhu, N., Zhang, D., Wang, W., Li, X., Yang, B., and Song, J. (2020). A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019. N Engl J Med 2020; 382: 727-733. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2001017

• Document Type: article