Mikrobiota jelitowa iskładniki pokarmowe jako determinanty funkcji układu nerwowego. Część I. Mikrobiota przewodu pokarmowego

• Authors: Karolina Skonieczna-Żydecka , Igor Łoniewski , Dominika Maciejewska , Wojciech Marlicz

Title variants

EN

Intestinal microbiota and nutrients as determinants of nervous system function. Part I. Gastrointestinal microbiota

• Languages of publication: PL

Abstracts

PL

Schorzenia neuropsychiatryczne są jednym z najczęstszych problemów współczesnego świata. W samych tylko krajach Unii Europejskiej w 2016 roku zanotowano przynajmniej 164 mln osób cierpiących na te schorzenia. Mimo wieloletnich dociekań i ogromnych środków przeznaczanych na badania naukowe nie udało się jednoznacznie ustalić przyczyn niektórych spośród tych chorób, a w przypadku innych opcje terapeutyczne są mocno ograniczone. Mózgowie stanowi jedynie blisko 2% masy ciała człowieka, lecz wykorzystuje aż do 20% spoczynkowej przemiany materii. W przeciwieństwie do innych organów mózg nie ma możliwości akumulacji energii, więc jego funkcje uzależnione są od stałego dopływu głównego substratu energetycznego – glukozy. Jednocześnie fizjologia każdej komórki ludzkiego organizmu zależy od dostępności składników regulacyjnych, w tym witamin i pierwiastków śladowych pozyskiwanych z diety. Podstawy biologii komórki dowodzą, iż wybrane składniki żywności są niezbędne do zachowania właściwej funkcji neuronów, a przez to – transmisji sygnałów nerwowych. Wiadomo również, że składniki pokarmowe są wykorzystywane metabolicznie przez zespół mikroorganizmów jelitowych, a neuroaktywne i immunokompetentne produkty tych przemian drogą osi mózgowo-jelitowej przedostają się do mózgowia oraz wpływają na strukturę i funkcje regionów odpowiedzialnych za emocje, zdolności ruchowe i poznawcze. W pierwszej części artykułu przedstawiono wiadomości dotyczące mikrobioty jelitowej jako modulatora struktury i funkcji układu nerwowego. Szczególną uwagę zwrócono na dysbiozę jelitową w  przebiegu zaburzeń neurorozwojowych i neurodegeneracyjnych, rozpatrywaną aktualnie jako przyczyna i/lub czynnik warunkujący ich przebieg kliniczny. Zasugerowano także, że wspieranie mikrobioty jelitowej probiotykoterapią może być elementem profilaktyki chorób układu nerwowego i wspomagania ich leczenia podstawowego.

EN

Neuropsychiatric disorders are one of the most common problems in the modern world. In the European Union alone, at least 164 million cases of mental problems were reported in 2016. Despite many years of investigations and enormous resources devoted to scientific research, the causes of some of these diseases have not been clearly identified, and, in the case of others, treatment options are significantly limited. Although the brain weight accounts only for about 2 percent of the body weight, its oxygen consumption accounts for up to 20% of the resting energy metabolism. As opposed to other organs, the brain does not accumulate energy; therefore its functioning depends on the continuous supply of the main energetic substrate, i.e. glucose. At the same time, the physiology of every cell in the human body depends on the availability of regulatory components, including vitamins and trace elements, which are derived from the diet. As evidenced by the basics of cell biology, certain nutrients are essential for proper neuronal functioning and, consequently, nerve signal transmission. Nutrients are also known to be metabolically utilised by intestinal microorganisms, and the neuroactive and immunocompetent products of these transformations pass through the gut–brain axis into the brain and exert their effects on the structure and function of regions responsible for emotions as well as motor and cognitive abilities. The first part of the article presents information regarding intestinal microbiota as a structural and functional nervous system modulator. Particular attention is paid to intestinal dysbiosis in neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders, which is currently considered to be the cause and/or a factor determining their clinical course. It was also suggested that supporting gut microbiota with probiotic therapy may be an element of nervous system disease prevention and support the primary treatment of these conditions.

Keywords

EN

mikrobiota; oś mózgowo-jelitowa; probiotyki

Discipline

• MEDICINE: MEDICINE

• Publisher: Medical Communications
• Journal: Aktualności Neurologiczne
• Year: 2017
• Volume: 17
• Issue: 4
• Pages: 181–188

Contributors

author

Karolina Skonieczna-Żydecka

• Zakład Biochemii i Żywienia Człowieka, Pomorski Uniwersytet Medyczny w Szczecinie, Szczecin, Polska

author

Igor Łoniewski

• Zakład Biochemii iŻywienia Człowieka, Pomorski Uniwersytet Medyczny w Szczecinie, Szczecin, Polska

author

Dominika Maciejewska

• Zakład Biochemii iŻywienia Człowieka, Pomorski Uniwersytet Medyczny w Szczecinie, Szczecin, Polska

author

Wojciech Marlicz

• Klinika Gastroenterologii, Pomorski Uniwersytet Medyczny w Szczecinie, Szczecin, Polska

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• Document Type: article