Udział stresu w etiopatogenezie i przebiegu schizofrenii

• Authors: Adam Wysokiński

Title variants

EN

The role of stress in etiopathogenesis and the course of schizophrenia

• Languages of publication: EN PL

Abstracts

EN

Schizophrenia-like psychoses are one of the major problems in modern psychiatry. This is due not only to their high incidence in the general population, but it is also associated with the complexity of psychiatric and psychological problems, which make up the clinical picture of the diseases in this group. The mental state of people with schizophrenia results from the experienced hallucinations, delusions, negative symptoms, mood disorders, cognitive disorders and the impact of numerous stressors. These symptoms and disorders have a chronic adverse impact on the professional and family life of patients, which translates not only into significant deterioration in the patients’ quality of life, but also makes patients more susceptible to various psychosocial stressors. Chronic excessive stress is a phenomenon with a proven role in triggering the first episode of schizophrenia. In addition, stress has a negative impact on the course of the disease due to the increased risk of recurrence. An important task for psychiatrists and psychologists is to draw attention to the mechanisms of coping with stress available to the patient, because with them, patients will be able to deal more effectively with difficult situations.

PL

Psychozy typu schizofrenii stanowią jeden z głównych problemów współczesnej psychiatrii. Wynika to z ich znacznego rozpowszechnienia w populacji ogólnej, ale również ze złożoności problemów psychiatryczno-psychologicznych, które składają się na obraz kliniczny schorzeń z tej grupy. Stan psychiczny osób chorych na schizofrenię jest wypadkową doświadczanych omamów, urojeń, objawów negatywnych, zaburzeń nastroju i zaburzeń funkcji poznawczych oraz działania rozmaitych stresorów. Wymienione objawy i zaburzenia wywierają przewlekły niekorzystny wpływ na funkcjonowanie zawodowe i rodzinne pacjentów, co nie tylko przekłada się na istotne pogorszenie jakości ich życia, lecz także eksponuje ich na rozmaite stresory psychospołeczne. Przewlekły nadmierny stres to zjawisko o potwierdzonej roli w wyzwalaniu pierwszego epizodu schizofrenii. Ponadto stres rzutuje na przebieg choroby –zwiększa ryzyko jej nawrotowości. Istotnym zadaniem lekarza psychiatry i psychologa jest zwrócenie uwagi na mechanizmy radzenia sobie ze stresem, jakimi dysponuje pacjent, gdyż dzięki nim będzie on w stanie skuteczniej radzić sobie w sytuacjach trudnych.

Keywords

EN

BDNF; czynniki neurotroficzne; managing; neurotrophic factors; radzenie sobie; schizofrenia; schizophrenia; stres; stress

Discipline

• MEDICINE: MEDICINE

• Publisher: Medical Communications
• Journal: Psychiatria i Psychologia Kliniczna
• Year: 2016
• Volume: 16
• Issue: 3
• Pages: 176–181

Contributors

author

Adam Wysokiński

• Klinika Psychiatrii Wieku Podeszłego i Zaburzeń Psychotycznych, Centralny Szpital Kliniczny, ul. Czechosłowacka 8/10, 92-216 Łódź, tel.: [phone], faks: [phone]

References

• Barde YA, Edgar D, Thoenen H: Purification of a new neurotrophic factor from mammalian brain. EMBO J 1982; 1: 549–553.
• Bayer TA, Falkai P, Maier W: Genetic and non-genetic vulnerability factors in schizophrenia: the basis of the “two hit hypothesis.” J Psychiatr Res 1999; 33: 543–548.
• Cannon WB, de la Paz D: Emotional stimulation of adrenal secretion. Am J Physiol 1911; 28: 64–70.
• Carver CS, Scheier MF, Weintraub JK: Assessing coping strategies: a theoretically based approach. J Pers Soc Psychol 1989; 56: 267–283.
• Chabungbam G, Avasthi A, Sharan P: Sociodemographic and clinical factors associated with relapse in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2007; 61: 587–593.
• Cooke B, Hegstrom CD, Villeneuve LS et al.: Sexual differentiation of the vertebrate brain: principles and mechanisms. Front Neuroendocrinol 1998; 19: 323–362.
• Day R, Nielsen JA, Korten A et al.: Stressful life events preceding the acute onset of schizophrenia: a cross-national study from the World Health Organization. Cult Med Psychiatry 1987; 11: 123–205.
• Dean K, Murray R: Lectures in Schizophrenia. Current Medicine Group, London 2007.
• Dell’Osso L, Carmassi C, Del Debbio A et al.: Brain-derived neurotrophic factor plasma levels in patients suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2009; 33: 899–902.
• Dwivedi Y, Rizavi HS, Pandey GN: Antidepressants reverse corticosterone-mediated decrease in brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression: differential regulation of specific exons by antidepressants and corticosterone. Neuroscience 2006; 139: 1017–1029.
• Ellenbroek BA, Derks N, Park HJ: Early maternal deprivation retards neurodevelopment in Wistar rats. Stress 2005; 8: 247–257.
• Fatemi SH, Reutiman TJ, Folsom TD et al.: The role of cerebellar genes in pathology of autism and schizophrenia. Cerebellum 2008; 7: 279–294.
• Fumagalli F, Bedogni F, Perez J et al.: Corticostriatal brain-derived neurotrophic factor dysregulation in adult rats following prenatal stress. Eur J Neurosci 2004; 20: 1348–1354.
• Gatt JM, Nemeroff CB, Dobson-Stone C et al.: Interactions between BDNF Val66Met polymorphism and early life stress predict brain and arousal pathways to syndromal depression and anxiety. Mol Psychiatry 2009; 14: 681–695.
• Hobfoll SE: Conservation of resources. A new attempt at conceptualizing stress. Am Psychol 1989; 44: 513–524.
• Holahan CJ, Moos RH, Schaefer JA: Coping, stress resistance, and growth: conceptualizing adaptive functioning. In: Zeidner M, Endler NS (eds.): Handbook of Coping: Theory, Research, Applications. John Wiley & Sons, New York 1996: 24–43.
• Horan WP, Ventura J, Mintz J et al.: Stress and coping responses to a natural disaster in people with schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 2007; 151: 77–86.
• Jacobsen JP, Mørk A: Chronic corticosterone decreases brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) mRNA and protein in the hippocampus, but not in the frontal cortex, of the rat. Brain Res 2006; 1110: 221–225.
• Kauer-Sant’Anna M, Tramontina J, Andreazza AC et al.: Traumatic life events in bipolar disorder: impact on BDNF levels and psychopathology. Bipolar Disord 2007; 9 Suppl 1: 128–135.
• Kikusui T, Ichikawa S, Mori Y: Maternal deprivation by early weaning increases corticosterone and decreases hippocampal BDNF and neurogenesis in mice. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2009; 34: 762–772.
• Lazarus R, Folkman S: Stress, Appraisal, and Coping. Springer, New York 1984.
• Lazarus RS: Coping theory and research: past, present, and future. Psychosom Med 1993; 55: 234–247.
• Llorente R, Gallardo ML, Berzal AL et al.: Early maternal deprivation in rats induces gender-dependent effects on developing hippocampal and cerebellar cells. Int J Dev Neurosci 2009; 27: 233–241.
• Lu J, Goula D, Sousa N et al.: Ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptor mediation of glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis in hippocampal cells and the neuroprotective role of synaptic N-methyl-Daspartate receptors. Neuroscience 2003; 121: 123–131.
• Marais L, van Rensburg SJ, van Zyl JM et al.: Maternal separation of rat pups increases the risk of developing depressive-like behavior after subsequent chronic stress by altering corticosterone and neurotrophin levels in the hippocampus. Neurosci Res 2008; 61: 106–112.
• Mason JW, Maher JT, Hartley LH et al.: Selectivity of corticosteroid and catecholamine responses to various natural stimuli. In: Serban G (ed.): Psychopathology of Human Adaptation. Plenum Press, New York 1976: 147–171.
• Maynard TM, Sikich L, Lieberman JA et al.: Neural development, cellcell signaling, and the “two-hit” hypothesis of schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 2001; 27: 457–476.
• Phillips LJ, Francey SM, Edwards J et al.: Strategies used by psychotic individuals to cope with life stress and symptoms of illness: a systematic review. Anxiety Stress Coping 2009; 22: 371–410.
• Sapolsky RM, Packan DR, Vale WW: Glucocorticoid toxicity in the hippocampus: in vitro demonstration. Brain Res 1988; 453: 367–371.
• Shalev I, Lerer E, Israel S et al.: BDNF Val66Met polymorphism is associated with HPA axis reactivity to psychological stress characterized by genotype and gender interactions. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2009; 34: 382–388.
• Smith MA, Makino S, Kvetnanský R et al.: Effects of stress on neurotrophic factor expression in the rat brain. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1995; 771: 234–239.
• Thompson JL, Pogue-Geile MF, Grace AA: Developmental pathology, dopamine, and stress: a model for the age of onset of schizophrenia symptoms. Schizophr Bull 2004; 30: 875–900.
• Ueyama T, Kawai Y, Nemoto K et al.: Immobilization stress reduced the expression of neurotrophins and their receptors in the rat brain. Neurosci Res 1997; 28: 103–110.
• Wysokiński A, Gruszczyński W: Neurotrofiny – aktualny stan wiedzy. Postępy Psychiatr Neurol 2008; 17: 385–390.
• Zeidner M, Saklofske D: Adaptive and maladaptive coping. In: Zeidner M, Endler NS (eds.): Handbook of Coping: Theory, Research, Applications. John Wiley & Sons, New York 1996: 505–531.

• Document Type: review