Wykorzystanie komórek nabłonkowych z jamy ustnej w monitoringu biologicznym ludzi

• Authors: Ewa Błaszczyk , Danuta Danuta Mielżyńska-Švach

Title variants

EN

The use of buccal cells in human biological monitoring

• Languages of publication: PL

Abstracts

PL

Jedną z podstawowych metod określania stopnia zagrożenia
środowiskowego ludzi jest oznaczenie substancji
szkodliwych w poszczególnych elementach środowiska
(powietrze, woda, gleba, żywność). W odróżnieniu od
monitoringu środowiska – monitoring biologiczny ludzi
(HBM) umożliwia oszacowanie wielkości dawki wchłoniętej,
ogólnej bądź zlokalizowanej w określonym narządzie.
HBM pozwala na ocenę narażenia na substancje,
które wchłaniane są do organizmu wszystkimi drogami
i z różnych nośników zanieczyszczeń. Polega na pomiarze
wskaźników, tzw. biomarkerów w płynach ustrojowych
(krew, mocz, ślina, itd.) lub w tkankach i narządach. Biomarkery
dzielimy na markery ekspozycji, skutków oraz
wrażliwości.
Szczególnie przydatną metodą jest oznaczanie adduktów,
czyli związków substancji rakotwórczych (lub ich
metabolitów) z białkami lub DNA, będących markerem
narażenia. Za biomarkery skutków biologicznych uznawane
są różne zmiany cytogenetyczne, w tym także obecne
w komórkach mikrojądra. Są to struktury pozajądrowe
zawierające fragmenty chromatyny (powstałe w skutek
pęknięć DNA) lub całe chromosomy (uszkodzenia wrzeciona
podziałowego).
Większość badań poziomu adduktów DNA i mikrojąder
była dotychczas prowadzona w komórkach limfocytów
krwi obwodowej. W chwili obecnej prowadzenie badań
z wykorzystaniem krwi, zwłaszcza u dzieci jest obostrzone
względami bioetycznymi, dlatego zainteresowaniem naukowców
zaczęły się cieszyć testy wykorzystujące komórki
nabłonkowe z jamy ustnej.
Komórki nabłonkowe są głównym budulcem tkanki
nabłonkowej, a także stanowią około 60% wszystkich
komórek organizmu człowieka. Tkanka nabłonkowa pełni
przede wszystkim funkcję okrywającą i wyściełającą
zewnętrzne oraz wewnętrzne powierzchnie organizmu.
Nabłonek w różnych częściach organizmu człowieka uległ
wysokiej specjalizacji, co związane jest z jego budową
i pełnioną funkcją. Jamę ustną człowieka jest pokrywa
nabłonek wielowarstwowy płaski, który zbudowany jest
z komórek określanych jako keratynocyty. Komórki nabłonkowe
jamy ustnej mogą podlegać dwóm drogom różnicowania
– w kierunku nabłonków rogowaciejących i nierogowaciejących.
W niniejszej pracy w oparciu o nasze dotychczasowe
doświadczenia oraz dostępną literaturę przedstawiono procedury
badawcze zawierające opis poboru komórek
nabłonkowych z jamy ustnej oraz przygotowanie go w ten
sposób, aby mógł zostać wykorzystany zarówno do analizy
adduktów DNA, jak i testu mikrojądrowego.

EN

One of the basic methods for determining the degree
of environmental risk posed to humans is identification
of harmful substances in various environmental elements
(air, water, soil, food). In contrast to environmental monitoring
human biological monitoring (HBM) enables the
estimation of an absorbed dose, general or localized in
a specific organ. HBM enables the assessment of exposure
to substances which are absorbed by the body via different
exposure pathways and with different contaminant carriers.
It is based on the measurement of indicators, the so-called
biomarkers, in body fluids (blood, urine, saliva, etc.) or in of exposure, effects and susceptibility.
A particularly useful method is determination of
adducts, i.e. carcinogenic compounds (or their metabolites)
with proteins or DNA, which are markers of exposure. Biomarkers
of biological effects are different cytogenetic
changes, including micronuclei. These are extranuclear
structures containing fragments of chromatin (arising as
a result of DNA breaks) or whole chromosomes (damage
to the spindle apparatus during mitosis).
Up to now most studies on the DNA adduct levels and
micronuclei have been conducted in peripheral lymphocytes.
At present, studies using blood, especially in children
to restricted to ethical aspects, and therefore tests using
epithelial cells from the oral cavity have become more
popular.
Epithelial cells are the main building material of an
epithelial tissue which makes up about 60% of all cells of
the human body. The main function of the epithelial tissue
is covering and lining of the outer and inner surfaces of
the body. Epithelium underwent high specialisation in various
parts of the human body, which is associated with its
structure and function. Human oral cavity is covered by
stratified squamous epithelium, which is comprised of cells
called keratinocytes. Oral epithelial cells may differentiate
in two directions: towards keratinized or nonkeratinized
oral epithelia.
In this study, based on our past experience and the available
literature, research procedures for the collection of
oral epithelial cells and their proper preparation for using
them both for the analysis of DNA adducts and micronucleus
assay are presented.

Keywords

EN

addukty DNA; biomonitoring; komórki nabłonkowe z jamy ustnej; test mikrojądrowy

• Publisher: Polish Society of Environmental Medicine, Institute of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health
• Journal: Medycyna Środowiskowa - Environmental Medicine
• Year: 2012
• Volume: 15
• Issue: 4
• Pages: 129-138

Contributors

author

Ewa Błaszczyk

• Instytut Ekologii Terenów Uprzemysłowionych w Katowicach

author

Danuta Danuta Mielżyńska-Švach

• Danuta Mielżyńska-Švach

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• Document Type: review