Wpływ melatoniny na czynność układu sercowo-naczyniowego

• Authors: Ewa Sewerynek

Title variants

EN

Melatonin effects on the cardiovascular system

• Languages of publication: PL

Abstracts

PL

melatonin. The association between melatonin and circulation has been the subject of interest for the last few years. It has also been demonstrated that the vasospastic or vasodilative effects of melatonin depend on the activation of certain receptors by the hormone. Cardioprotective effects of melatonin have been demonstrated in both experimental and clinical studies. In cardiac ischemia-reperfusion models or in the course of oxidative process induction, following the administration of medical agents with cardiotoxic effects, protective effects of melatonin have been demonstrated. In patients with ischaemic heart disease, lower nocturnal melatonin concentrations were found vs. those in a group of healthy persons; the more severe cardiac disease and the higher risk for sudden cardiac death, the lower melatonin concentrations are observed. Lower melatonin concentrations have also been confirmed in patients with hypercholesteronaemia and increased LDL-cholesterol fraction levels, as well as in patients with arterial hypertension. Melatonin administration normalised blood pressure in patients with arterial hypertension. The presented paper aims at summarising the up-to-date knowledge of the role of melatonin in circulation control.

EN

The ageing process is associated with an increasing number of cardiovascular incidents, both acute and chronic. Also the concentrations of certain hormones undergo a gradual decrease with age, including: oestrogens, androgens, dehydroepiandrosterone, dehydroapiandrosterone sulphate or melatonin. The association between melatonin and circulation has been the subject of interest for the last few years. It has also been demonstrated that the vasospastic or vasodilative effects of melatonin depend on the activation of certain receptors by the hormone. Cardioprotective effects of melatonin have been demonstrated in both experimental and clinical studies. In cardiac ischemia-reperfusion models or in the course of oxidative process induction, following the administration of medical agents with cardiotoxic effects, protective effects of melatonin have been demonstrated. In patients with ischaemic heart disease, lower nocturnal melatonin concentrations were found vs. those in a group of healthy persons; the more severe cardiac disease and the higher risk for sudden cardiac death, the lower melatonin concentrations are observed. Lower melatonin concentrations have also been confirmed in patients with hypercholesteronaemia and increased LDL-cholesterol fraction levels, as well as in patients with arterial hypertension. Melatonin administration normalised blood pressure in patients with arterial hypertension. The presented paper aims at summarising the up-to-date knowledge of the role of melatonin in circulation control.

Keywords

EN

cardiovascular system; hipercholesterolemia; hypercholesterolemia; hypertension; ischemia-reperfusion; melatonin; melatonina; nadciśnienie tętnicze; niedokrwienie-reperfuzja; układ krąŜenia

Discipline

• MEDICINE: MEDICINE

• Publisher: Łódzkie Towarzystwo Naukowe
• Journal: Folia Medica Lodziensia
• Year: 2010
• Volume: 37
• Issue: 1
• Pages: 69-87

Contributors

author

Ewa Sewerynek

• Zakład Zaburzeń Endokrynnych i Metabolizmu Kostnego, I Katedra Endokrynologii, Uniwersytet Medyczny w Łodzi

References

• Reiter RJ. Melatonin: the chemical expression of darkness. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 1991; 79:C53-C58.
• Karasek M, Reiter RJ. Melatonin and aging. Neuroendocrinol Lett. 2002; 23(Suppl 1):14-16.
• Sewerynek E. Melatonin and cardiovascular system. Neuroendocrinol Lett. 2002; 23 (suppl 1):79-83.
• Lemmer B. Circadian rhythms in the cardiovascular system. W: Arendt J, Minors DS, Waterhouse JM. wyd. Biological Rhythms in Clinical Practice. Boston: Butterworths; 1989. p. 51-70.
• Kristal-Boneh E, Froom P, Harari G, Malik M, Ribak J. Summer-winter differences in 24h variability of heart rate. J Cardiovasc Risk. 2000; 7:141-146.
• Peckowa M, Fahrenbruch CE, Cobb LA, Hallstrom AP. Weekly and seasonal variation in the incidence of cardiac arrests. Am Heart J. 1999; 137:384.
• Kristal-Boneh E, Harari G, Green MS. Seasonal change in 24-hour blood pressure and heart rate is greater among smokers than nonsmokers. Hypertension. 1997; 30:436-441.
• Sayer JW, Wilkinson P, Ranjadajalan K, Ray S, Marchant B, and Timmis AD. Attenuation or absence of circadian and seasonal rhythms of acute myocardial infarction. Heart. 1997; 77:325-329.
• Nicolau GY, Haus E, Popescu M, Sackett-Lundeen L, Petrescu E. Circadian, weekly, and seasonal variations in cardiac mortality, blood pressure, and catecholamine excretion. Chronobiol Int. 1991; 8:149-159.
• Back G, Strubelt O. Seasonal variations of cardiac output in rats. Experientia. 1975; 15:1304-1306.
• Muller JE, Ludmer PL, Willich SN, Tofler GH, Aylmer G, Klangos I, Stone PH. Circadian variations in the frequency of sudden cardiac death. Circulation. 1987; 75:131-138.
• Peckova M, Fahrenbruch CE, Cobb LA, Hallstrom AP. Circadian variations in the occurrence of cardiac arrests: initial and repeat episodes. Circulation. 1998; 98:31-39.
• Coca A. Circadian rhythm and blood pressure control: physiological and pathophysiological factors. J Hypertens Suppl. 1994; 12:S13-21.
• Tarquini B, Tarquini R, Perfetto F, Tapparini L, Lombardi A, Pignone A. Chronobiology in epidemiology and preventive medicine. Ann Ist Super Sanita. 1993; 29:559-567.
• Visvanathan M, Hissa R, George JC. Suppression of sympathetic nervous system by short photoperiod and melatonin in the Syrian hamster. Life Sci. 1986; 38:73-79.
• Chuang JI, Chen SS, Lin MT. Melatonin decreases brain serotonin release, arterial pressure and heart rate in rats. Pharmacology. 1993; 47:91-97.
• Nishiyama K, Yasue H, Moriyama Y, Tsunoda R, Ogawa H, Yoshimura M, Kugiyama K. Acute effects of melatonin administration on cardiovascular autonomic regulation in healthy men. Am Heart J. 2001; 141:E9.
• Wenting GJ, vd Meiracker AH, Simoons ML, Bos E, Ritsema v Eck HJ, Man in 't Veld AJ i wsp. Circadian variation of heart rate but not of blood pressure after heart transplantation. Transplant Proc. 1987; 19:2554-2555.
• Capsoni SM, Viswanathan M, De Oliveira AM, Saavedra JM. Characterization of melatonin receptors and signal transduction system in rat arteries forming the circle of Willis. Endocrinology. 1994; 135:373-378.
• Visvanathan M, Laitinen JT, Saaveda JM. Expression of melatonin receptors in arteries involved in thermoregulation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1990; 87:6200 6203.
• Pang CS, Xi AC, Brown GM, Pang SF, Shiu SYW. [125I] Iodomelatonin binding and interaction with B adrenergic signaling in chick heart/coronary artery physiology. J Pineal Res. 2002; 32:243-252.
• Stankow B, Fraschini F. High Affinity melatonin binding sites in the vertebral brain. Neuroendocrinol Lett. 1993; 15:149-164.
• Ekmekcioglu C, Haslmayer P, Philipp C, Mehrabi MR, Glogar HD, Grimm M i wsp. 24h variations in the expression of the mt1 melatonin receptor subtype in coronary arteries derived from patients with coronary heart disease. J Recept Signal Transduct Res. 2001; 21:85-91.
• Doolen S, Krause DN, Dobocovich M, Duckles SP. Melatonin mediates two distinct responses in vascular smooth muscle. Eur J Pharmacol. 1998; 345:67-69.
• Masana MI, Doolen S, Ersahin C, Al-Ghoul WM, Duckles SP, Dubocovich ML i wsp. MT2 melatonin receptors are present and functional in rat caudal artery. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2002; 302:1295-1302.
• Satake N, Oe H, Sawada T. Vasorelaxing action of melatonin in rat isolated aorta: possible endothelium dependent relaxation. Gen Pharmacol. 1991; 22:1127-1133.
• Weekley LB. Effects of melatonin on isolated pulmonary artery and vein: role of vascular endothelium. Pulm Pharmacol. 1993; 6:149-154.
• Okatani Y, Wakatsuki A, Watanabe K, Ikenoue N, Fukaya T. Melatonin inhibits vasospastic action of oxidized low-density lipoprotein in human umbilical arteries. J Pineal Res. 2000; 29:74-80.
• Weekley LB. Melatonin-induced relaxation of rat aorta: Interaction with adrenergic agonists. J Pineal Res. 1991; 11:28-34.
• Dominquez-Rodriguez A, Abreu-Gonzalez P, Garcia MJ, Sanchez J, Marrero F, de Armas-Trujillo D. Decreased nocturnal melatonin levels during acute myocardial infarction. J Pineal Res. 2002; 33:248-252.
• Girotti L, Lago M, Ianavsky O, Carbajales J, Elizari MV, Brusco LI i wsp. Low urinary 6-sulphatoxymelatonin levels in patients with coronary artery disease. J Pineal Res. 2000; 29:138-142.
• Brugger P, Marktl W, Herold M. Impaired nocturnal secretion of melatonin in coronary heart disease. Lancet. 1995; 345:1408-1412.
• Harris AS, Burgess HJ, Dawson D. The effect of day-time exogenous melatonin administration on cardiac autonomic activity. J Pineal Res. 2001; 31:199-205.
• Kakucska I, Qi Y, Clark BD, Lechan RM. Endotoxin-induced corticotropin-releasing hormone gene expression in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus is mediated centrally by interleukin-1. Endocrinology. 1993; 133: 815-821.
• Licino J and Li W. Pathways and mechanisms for cytokine signaling of the central nervous system. J Clin Invest. 1997; 100:2941-2947.
• Kellner M, Yassauridis A, Manz B, Steiger A, Holsboer F, Wiedemann K. Corticotropin-releasing hormone inhibits melatonin secretion in healthy volunteers - A potential link to low-melatonin syndrome in depression? Neuroendocrinology. 1997; 65:284-290.
• Stoschitzky K, Sakotnik A, Lercher P, Zweiker R, Maier R, Liebmann P i wsp. Influence of beta-blockers on melatonin release. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1999; 55:111-115.
• Nathan PJ, Maguire KP, Burrows GD, Norman TR. The effect of atenolol, a β1 adrenergic antagonist, on nocturnal plasma melatonin secretion: Evidence for a dose-response relationship in humans. J Pineal Res. 1997; 23:131-135.
• Aoyama H, Mori N, Mori W. Effects of melatonin on genetic hypercholesterolemia in rats. Atherosclerosis. 1988; 69:269-272.
• Chan TY, Tang PL. Effect of melatonin on the maintenance of cholesterol homeostasis in the rat. Endocr Res. 1995; 21:681-696.
• Hoyos M, Guerrero JM, Perez-Cano R, Olivan J, Fabiani F, Garcia-Pergañeda A i wsp. Serum cholesterol and lipid peroxidation are decreased by melatonin in diet-induced hypercholesterolemic rats. J Pineal Res. 2000; 28:150-155.
• Pita ML, Hoyos M, Martin-Lacave I, Osuna C, Fernández-Santos JM, Guerrero JM. Long-term melatonin administration increases polyunsaturated fatty acid percentage in plasma lipids of hypercholesterolemic rats. J Pineal Res. 2002; 32:179-186.
• Pieri C, Marra M, Gaspar R, Damjanovich S. Melatonin protects LDL from oxidation but dose not or event the apolipoprotein derivatization. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1996; 222:256-260.
• Kelly MR and Loo G. Melatonin inhibits oxidative modification of human low-density lipoprotein. J Pineal Res. 1997; 22:203-209.
• Bonnefort-Rousselot D, Cheve G, Gozzo A, Tailleux A, Guilloz V, Caisey S i wsp. Melatonin related compounds inhibit lipid peroxidation during copper or free radical-induced LDL oxidation. J Pineal Res. 2002; 33:109-117.
• Seegar H, Mueck AO, Lippert TH. Effect of melatonin and metabolites on copper-mediated oxidation of low density lipoprotein. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1997; 44:283 284.
• Abuja PM, Liebmann P, Hayn M, Schauenstein K, Esterbauer H. Antioxidant role of melatonin in lipid peroxidation of human LDL. FEBS Lett. 1997; 413:289-293.
• Holmes SW and Sugden D. The effect of melatonin on pinealectomy-induced hypertension in the rat. Br J Pharmacol. 1976; 56:360-361.
• Kawashima K, Miwa Y, Fujimoto K, Oohata H, Nishino H, Koike H. Antihypertensive action of melatonin in the spontaneously hypertensive rat. Clin Exp Theo Pract. 1987; A9:1121-1131.
• Karppanen H, Airaksinen MM, Sarkimaki I. Effects in rats of pinealectomy and oxypertine on spontaneous locomotor activity and blood pressure during various light schedules. Ann Med Exp Biol Fenn. 1973; 51:93-103.
• Laflamme KA, Wu L, Foucart S, de Champlain J. Impaired basal sympathetic tone and alpha 1-adrenergic responses in association with the hypotensive effect of melatonin in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Am J Hypertens. 1998; 11:219-229.
• Wu L, Wang R, de Champlain J. Enhanced inhibition by melatonin of  adrenoceptor-induced aortic contraction and inositol phosphate production in vascular smooth muscle cells from spontaneously hypertensive rats. J Hypertens. 1998; 16:339-347.
• Vanecek J, Kosar E, Vorlicek J. Daily changes in melatonin binding sites and the effect of castration. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 1990; 73:161-170.
• Seltzer A, Viswanathan M, Saavedra JM. Melatonin-binding sites in brain and caudal arteries of the female rat during the estrous cycle and after estrogen administration. Endocrinology. 1992; 130:1896-1902.
• Doolen S, Krause DN, Duckles SP. Estradiol modulates vascular response to melatonin in rat caudal artery. Am J Physiol. 1999; 276:H1281-H1288.
• Yanagisawa M, Kurihara H, Kimura S, Tomobe Y, Kobayashi M, Mitsui Y i wsp. A novel potent vasoconstrictor peptide produced by vascular endothelial cells. Nature. 1988; 332:411-415.
• Svensson J, Strandberg K, Tuvemo T, Hamberg M. Thromboxane A2: Effects of airway and vascular smooth muscle. Prostaglandins. 1977; 74:425-236.
• Weksler B, Marcus A, Jaffe E. Synthesis of prostaglandin I2 (prostacyclin) by cultured human and bovine endothelial cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1997; 74:3922-3926.
• Fuechgott RF and Vanhoutte PM. Endothelium-derived relaxing and contracting factors. FASEB J. 1988; 3:2007-2018.
• Okatani Y, Watanabe K, Sagara Y. Effect of nitric oxide, prostacyclin, and tromboxane on the vasospastic action of hydrogen peroxide on human umbilical artery. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 1997; 76:515-520.
• Pozo D, Reiter RJ, Calvo JP, Guerrero JM. Physiological concentrations of melatonin inhibit nitric oxide synthase in rat cerebellum. Life Sci. 1994; 55:PL455-PL460.
• Pozo D, Reiter RJ, Calvo JR, Guerrero JM. Inhibition of cerebellar nitric oxide synthase and cyclic GMP production by melatonin via complex formation with calmodulin. J Cell Biochem. 1997; 65:430-442.
• Cuzzoorea S, Constantino G, Mazzon E, Micali A, De Sarro A, Caputi AP. Beneficial effects of melatonin in a rat model of splanchnic artery occlusion and reperfusion. J Pineal Res. 2000; 28:52-63.
• Wakatsuki A, Okatani Y, Ikenoue N, Izumiya C, Kaneda C. Melatonin inhibits oxidative modification of low-density lipoprotein particles in normolipidemic post-menopausal women. J Pineal Res. 2000; 28:136-142.
• Chen LD, Tan DX, Reiter RJ, Yaga K, Poeggeler B, Kumar P i wsp. In vivo and in vitro effects of the pineal gland and melatonin on [Ca2+ + Mg2+]-dependent ATPase in cardiac sarcolemna. J Pineal Res. 1993; 14:178-183.
• Benitez-King G, Rios A, Martinez A, Antón-Tay F. In vitro inhibition of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase II activity by melatonin. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1996; 1290:191-196.
• Anton-Tay F, Mortiney R, Tovar R, Benítez-King G. Modulation of subcellular distribution of calmodulin by melatonin in MDCK cell. J Pineal Res. 1998; 24:35-42.
• Mei YA, Lee PPN, Wie H. Melatonin and its analogs potentiate the nifedipine-sensitive high-voltage-activated calcium current in chick embryonic heart cells. J Pineal Res. 2001; 30:13-21.
• Marchioli R. Antioxidant vitamins and prevention of cardiovascular disease: laboratory, epidemiological and clinical trial data. Pharmacol Res. 1999; 40:227 238.
• Tan DX, Chen LD, Poeggeler B, Manchester LC, Reiter RJ. Melatonin, A potent, endogenous hydroxyl radical scavenger. Endocrine Reg. 1993; 1:57-60.
• Reiter RJ, Melchiorri D, Sewerynek E, Poeggeler B, Barlow-Walden L, Chuang J i wsp. A review of the evidence supporting melatonin’s role as an antioxidant. J Pineal Res. 1995; 18:1-11.
• Stasica P, Ulanski P, Rosiak JM. Melatonin as a hydroxyl radical scavenger. J Pineal Res. 1998; 25:65-66.
• Sewerynek E, Melchiorri D, Chen LD, Reiter RJ. Melatonin reduces both basal and bacterial lipopolysaccharide-induced lipid peroxidation in vitro. Free Rad Biol Med. 1995; 19:903-909.
• Sewerynek E, Poeggeler B, Melchiorri D, Reiter RJ. H2O2-induced lipid peroxidation in rat brain homogenates is greatly reduced by melatonin. Neurosci Lett. 1995; 195:203-205.
• Sewerynek E, Reiter RJ, Melchiorri D, Oritz GG, Lewinski A. Oxidative damage in the liver induced by ischemia-reperfusion: Protection by melatonin. Hepatogastroenterology. 1995; 43:898-905.
• Sewerynek E, Wiktorska J, Lewiński A. Effects of melatonin on the oxidative stress induced by thyrotoxicosis in rats. Neuroendocrinol Lett. 1999; 20:157-163.
• Tan DX, Manchester LC, Reiter RJ, Qi W, Kim SJ, El-Sokkary, GH. Ischemia/reperfusion-induced arrhythmias in the isolated rat heart: Prevention by melatonin. J Pineal Res. 1998; 25:184-191.
• Sahna E, Olmez E, Acet A. Effects of physiological and pharmacological concentrations of melatonin on ischemia-reperfusion arrhythmias in rats: can the incidence of sudden cardiac death be reduced? J Pineal Res. 2002; 32:194-198.
• Sahna E, Acet A, Ozer MK, Olmez E. Myocardial ischemia-reperfusion in rats: reduction of infarct size by either supplemental physiological or pharmacological doses of melatonin. J Pineal Res. 2002; 33:234-238.
• Reiter RJ, Tan DX. Melatonin: a novel protective agent against oxidative injury of the ischemic/reperfused heart. Cardiovasc Res. 2003; 58:10-19.
• Lee Y-M, Chen H-R, Hsiao G, Sheu JR, Wang JJ, Yen MH. Protective effects of melatonin on cardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in vivo. J Pineal Res. 2002; 33:72 80.
• Salie R, Harper I, Cillie Ch, Genade S, Huisamen B, Moolman J i wsp. Melatonin protects against ischaemic-reperfusion myocardial damage. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2001; 33:343-357.
• Morishima I, Okumura K, Matsui H, Kaneko S, Numaguchi Y, Kawakami K i wsp. Zinc accumulation in adriamycin-induced cardiomyopathy in rats: Effects of melatonin, a cardioprotective antioxidant. J Pineal Res. 1999; 26:204-210.
• Agapito MT, Antoli Y, del Brio MT, López-Burillo S, Pablos MI, Recio JM i wsp. Protective effect of melatonin against adriamycin toxicity in the rat. J Pineal Res. 2001; 31:23-30.
• Xu MF, Tang PL, Qian ZM Ashraf M. Effects by doxorubicin on the myocardium are mediated by oxygen free radicals. Life Sci. 2001; 68:889-901.
• Xu M, Ashraf M. Melatonin protection against lethal myocyte injury induced by doxorubicin as reflected by effects on mitochondrial membrane potential. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2002; 34:75-79.
• Dziegiel P, Jethon Z, Suder E, Sopel M, Rabczyński J, Surowiak P i wsp. M. Role of exogenous melatonin in reducing the cardiotoxic effect of daunorubicin and doxorubicin in the rat. Exp Toxicol Pathol. 2002; 53:433-439.
• Dąbrowska K, Stuss M, Gromadzińska J, Wąsowicz W, Sewerynek E. Effects of melatonin on glutathione peroxidase activity in serum and erythrocytes after adriamycin in normal and pinealectomized rats. Endokrynol Pol. (Pol J Endocrinol)2008; 59:200-206.
• Cheung RTF. The utility of melatonin in reducing cerebral damage resulting from ischemia and reperfusion. J Pineal Res. 2003; 34:153-160.
• Cagnacci A, Sodani R, Yen SSC. Melatonin enhances cortisol levels in aged women: reversible by estrogens. J Pineal Res 1997; 22:81-85.
• Cagnacci A, Arangino S, Angiolucci M, Maschio E and Melis GB. Influence of melatonin administration on the circulation of women. Am J Physiol. 1998; 274:R335-R338.
• Arangino S, Cagnacci A, Angiolucci M, Maschio E, Melis GB. Effects of melatonin on vascular reactivity, catecholamine levels, and blood pressure in healthy men. Am J Cardiol. 1999; 83:1417-1419.
• Birau N, Peterssen U, Meyer C, Gottschalk J. Hypotensive effect of melatonin in essential hypertension. IRSC Med Sci 1981; 9:906.
• Muller-Wieland D, Behnke B, Koopmann K, Krone W. Melatonin inhibits LDL receptor activity and cholesterol synthesis in freshly isolated human mononuclear leukocytes. BBRC. 1994; 203:416-421.
• Cohen M, Josimovich J, Brzezinski A. Melatonin: From Contraception to Breast Cancer Prevention. Potomac, Maryland: Sheba Press. 1995, p.76.
• Siegrist C, Benedetti, Orlando A. Lack of changes in serum prolactin, FSH, TSH, and estradiol after melatonin treatment in doses that improve sleep and reduce benzodoazepine consumption in sleep-disturbed, middle-aged, and elderly patients. J Pineal Res. 2001; 30:34-42.
• Pawlikowski M, Kolomecka M, Wojtczak A, Karasek M. Effects of six months melatonin treatment on sleep quality and serum concentrations of estradiol, cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, and somatostatin C in elderly women. Neuroendocrinol Lett. 2002; 23:17-19.
• Wakatsuki A, Okatani Y. Melatonin protects against the free radical-induced impairment of nitric oxide production in the human umbilical artery. J Pineal Res. 2000; 28:172-178.
• Arteaga E, Rojas A, Villaseca P, Bianchi M. The effect of 17β-estradiol and  tocopherol on the oxidation of LDL cholesterol from postmenopausal women and the minor effect of γ-tocopherol and melatonin. Menopause. 2000; 7:112-116.
• Cagnacci A, Zanni AL, Veneri MG Menozzi R, Volpe A, Rio GD. Influence of exogenous melatonin on catecholamine levels of postmenopausal women prior and during oestradiol replacement. Clin Endocrinol. 2000; 53:367-377.
• Cagnacci A, Arangino S, Angiolucci M, Melis GB, Facchinetti F, Malmusi S i wsp. Effect of exogenous melatonin on vascular reactivity and nitric oxide in postmenopausal women: role of hormone replacement therapy. Clin Endocrinol. 2001; 54:261-266.
• Verdecchia P, Schillaci G, Gatteschi C, Zampi I, Battistelli M, Bartoccini Cand C i wsp. Blunted nocturnal fall in blood pressure in hypertensive women with future cardiovascular morbid events. Circulation. 1993; 88:986-992.
• Angier N. Health Benefits from Soy Protein. New York Times. 1995, Aug. 3, p. A1
• Rich-Edwards JW, Manson JE, Hennekens CH, Buring JE. The primary prevention of coronary heart disease in women. N Engl J Med. 1995; 332:1758-1766.
• Wiktorska JA, Lewinski A, Sewerynek E. Effects of different antioxidants on lipid peroxidation in brain homogenates induced by thyrotoxicosis in rats. Neuroendocrinol Lett. 2005; 26:704-708.
• Swierczynska-Machura D, Lewinski A, Sewerynek E. Melatonin effects on Schiff’s base levels induced by iodide administration in rats. Neuroendocrinol Lett. 2004; 25:70-74.
• Sewerynek E, Dąbrowska K, Wiktorska JA, Stuss M, Gromadzińska J, Wąsowicz W. Potassium iodide changes the levels of thyroid hormones in goitrogenic rats on selenium deficient diet. Neuroendocrinol Lett. 2006; 27:631-638.
• Sewerynek E, Świerczyńska-Machura D, Lewiński A. Effect of propyl-thiouracil on the level of Schiff’s bases in tissues of rats on diet with different doses of iodine Neuroendocrinol Lett. 2006; 27:631-638.
• Wiktorska JA, Lewinski A, Nowak D, Pietras T, Sewerynek E. Effects of certain antioxidants on lipid peroxidation process in lung homogenates of L-thyroxine-receiving rats. Neuroendocrinol Lett. 2010; 31:101-110.
• Stuss M, Wiktorska JA, Sewerynek E. N-acetylserotonin reduces lipopolysaccha-ride-induced lipid peroxidation in vitro more effectively than melatonin. Neuroendocrinol Lett. 2010; 31:489-496.
• Benot S, Goberna R, Reiter RJ, Garcia-Mauriño S, Osuna C, Guerrero JM. Physiological levels of melatonin contribute to the total antioxidative capacity of human serum. J Pineal Res. 1999; 27:59-64.
• Allegra M, Reiter RJ, Tan DX, Gentile C, Tesoriere L, Livrea MA. The chemistry of melatonin’s interaction with reactive species. J Pineal Res. 2003; 34:1-10.
• Jahnke G, Marr M, Myers C, Wilson R, Travlos G, Pricei C. Maternal and developmental toxicity evaluation of melatonin administered orally to pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats. Toxicol Res. 1999; 50:271-274.
• Jan JE, Hamilton D, Seward N, Fast DK, Freeman RD, Laudon M. Clinical trials of controlled-release melatonin in children with sleep-wake cycle disorders. J Pineal Res. 2000; 29:34-49.
• Brusco LI, Marquez M, Cardinali DP. Monozygotic twins with Alzheimer’s disease with melatonin. J Pineal Res. 1998; 25:260-261.
• Brusco LI, Marquez M, Cardinali DP. Melatonin treatment stabilizes chrono-biological and cognitive symptoms in Alzheimer’s disease. Neuroendocrinol Lett. 1998; 19:111-116.
• Cohen-Mansfield JS, Garfinkel D, Lipton S. Melatonin for treatment of sun downing in elderly persons with dementia – a preliminary study. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2000; 35:65-71.
• Fulia F, Gitto E, Cuzzocrea S, Reiter RJ, Dugo L, Gitto P i wsp. Increased levels of malondialdehyde and nitrite/nitrate in the blood of asphyxiated newborns: Protection by melatonin. J Pineal Res. 2001; 31:343-349.
• Gitto E, Karbownik M, Reiter RJ, Tan DX, Cuzzocrea S, Chiurazzi P i wsp. Effects of melatonin treatment in septic newborns. Pediatr Res. 2001; 50:756-760.

• Document Type: paper