Czego dowiedzieliśmy się o ADHD dzięki czynnościowym badaniom neuroobrazowym?

• Authors: Małgorzata Dąbkowska

Title variants

EN

What have we learned about ADHD from the functional imaging studies?

• Languages of publication: PL EN

Abstracts

PL

Czynnościowe badania neuroobrazowe dostarczają informacji o aktywności metabolicznej i przewodzeniu neuronalnym. W ocenie aktywności mózgu u osób z ADHD (attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, ADHD) stosowano różne techniki. Przeprowadzono badania w spoczynku i podczas wykonywania testów poznawczych. Celem pracy jest przegląd literatury na temat wyników badań neuroobrazowych w ADHD, szczególnie z wykorzystaniem czynnościowego rezonansu magnetycznego, tomografii emisji pozytronowej, tomografii pojedynczego fotonu. Za pomocą różnorodnych technik czynnościowego obrazowania stosowanych podczas zadań behawioralnych lub u osób z uszkodzeniem funkcji można uzyskać informacje nie tylko o roli obszarów mózgu, ale i o dotychczas nieznanych strategiach zachowania i funkcji poznawczych. Osłabione zdolności przystosowawcze we włączaniu poszczególnych regionów mózgu i związane z tym trudności adaptacyjne do nowych wymagań poznawczych wymuszają większy wysiłek podczas procesów przetwarzania. Zawarte w artykule informacje sugerują, że ADHD charakteryzuje się osłabioną aktywnością neuronalną oraz nadaktywnością – zwłaszcza tych obszarów mózgu, które mogą pełnić rolę kompensującą i wyrównującą utrudnione funkcjonowanie osób z ADHD. Głównym podłożem ADHD mogą być nieprawidłowości w aktywności połączeń korowo-prążkowiowych, niemniej jednak jest coraz więcej danych o zaburzeniach w innych lokalizacjach, takich jak móżdżek i płaty ciemieniowe u osób z ADHD. Potrzebne są dalsze badania czynnościowe w celu wyjaśnienia roli innych regionów poza siecią połączeń czołowo-prążkowiowych w patofizjologii ADHD.

EN

Functional imaging techniques provide information about metabolic activity and neural signalling in populations of neurons. Brain activation in ADHD has been assessed using a variety of techniques. The studies have been conducted in resting subjects and under varying conditions of cognitive stress. The aim of this article is to review the neuroimaging literature in ADHD, mainly in functional magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission tomography and single photon emission tomography. Through the use of various functional imaging techniques in conjunction with behavioural data and lesion studies we are now able to learn not only about the function of a brain region, but also about the use of covert behavioural and cognitive strategies. The impaired flexibility in recruiting brain regions and associated strategies limit adaptation to new cognitive demands as they present and may require more effort in processing. This article presents findings suggesting that ADHD should be characterized not only by neural hypoactivity, but neural hyperactivity as well, in regions of the brain that may relate to compensatory brain and behavioural functioning. The frontostriatal dysfunction may be central to the pathophysiology of ADHD, but there is now substantial evidence of functional alterations in regions outside the frontostriatal circuitry in ADHD, most notably in the cerebellum and the parietal lobes. More research is needed to elucidate the nature of contributions of nonfrontostriatal regions to the pathophysiology of ADHD.

Keywords

EN

attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; brain; children; cognitive strategies; czynnościowa komunikacja; czynnościowe badania neuroobrazowe; dzieci; fizjopatologia; functional connectivity; functional imaging; mózg; physiopathology; strategiepoznawcze; zaburzenie hiperkinetyczne

Discipline

• MEDICINE: MEDICINE

• Publisher: Medical Communications
• Journal: Psychiatria i Psychologia Kliniczna
• Year: 2010
• Volume: 10
• Issue: 3
• Pages: 195-199

Contributors

author

Małgorzata Dąbkowska

• Katedra i Klinika Psychiatrii CM w Bydgoszczy UMK w Toruniu. Kierownik: prof. dr hab. n. med. Aleksander Araszkiewicz

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• Document Type: article