Mental State and Motivation to Physical Exercise in University Students during COVID-19 Pandemic in Poland

• Authors: Jarosław Muracki , Maria Zadarko-Domaradzka , Emilian Zadarko , Małgorzata Smoter , Ana Filipa Silva , Ewa Kruszyńska

Abstracts

EN

The Covid-19 pandemic brought consequences for many aspects of people’s lives all over the world, such as lockdown, social distancing and reduced accessibility to sports and recreational facilities. The aim of this study was to assess mental state, physical well-being, and motivation to exercise among Polish students of Physical Education and other fields of study, considering their gender, place of living and financial situation. The study involved 1424 students from different universities in Poland. Two questionnaires were used – the EMI-2 to measure motivation to exercise and an original questionnaire to assess daily physical activity, physical and mental well-being. While 31.7% of the students assessed their access to recreational facilities as very poor,71.8% of them rated their financial situation to be average or quite good. Over one-third of the students declared that both their physical and mental well-being (nearly 37% and 33% respectively) were very poor. Among all analyzed motivating factors to exercise, positive health, appearance and strength and endurance were classified as the most important. The importance of different motivating factors differed between the Physical Education students and those of other faculties. To conclude, physical and mental well-being of Polish students during the pandemic was poor. The main reasons were very poor access to recreational facilities, too much time spent in a sitting or lying position daily and insufficient physical activity.

Keywords

EN

COVID-19; lockdown; motivation; physical exercise; student; recreation; pandemic

• Publisher: Uniwersytet Szczeciński. Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Szczecińskiego
• Journal: Central European Journal of Sport Sciences and Medicine
• Year: 2023
• Volume: 44
• Pages: 39-53

Dates

published

2023

Contributors

author

Jarosław Muracki

• University of Szczecin Faculty of Health and Physical Culture, Institute of Physical Culture Sciences, Szczecin, Poland

author

Maria Zadarko-Domaradzka

• Institute of Physical Culture Sciences, Medical College of Rzeszow University, Rzeszów, Poland

author

Emilian Zadarko

• Institute of Physical Culture Sciences, Medical College of Rzeszow University, Rzeszów, Poland

author

Małgorzata Smoter

• Gdańsk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdańsk, Poland

author

Ana Filipa Silva

• Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun’Álvares, Viana do Castelo, Portugal
• Research Center in Sports Performance, Recreation, Innovation and Technology (SPRINT), Melgaço, Portugal
• Research Centre in Sport Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), Quinta de Prados, Edifício Ciências de Desporto, Vila Real, Portugal

author

Ewa Kruszyńska

• University of Szczecin Faculty of Health and Physical Culture, Institute of Physical Culture Sciences, Szczecin, Poland

References

• Ács, P., Prémusz, V., Morvay-Sey, K., Pálvölgyi, Á., Trpkovici, M., Elbert, G., Melczer, C., & Makai, A. (2020). Effects of Covid-19 on Physical Activity Behavior Among University Students: Results of a Hungarian Online Survey. Health Problems of Civilization, 14(3), 174–182. https://doi.org/10.5114/hpc.2020.98472
• Ahmad, T., Haroon, Baig, M., & Hui, J. (2020). Coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) pandemic and economic impact. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences, 36(COVID19-S4), S73–S78. https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.36.COVID19-S4.2638
• Ammar, A., Brach, M., Trabelsi, K., Chtourou, H., Boukhris, O., Masmoudi, L., Bouaziz, B., Bentlage, E., How, D., Ahmed, M., Müller, P., Müller, N., Aloui, A., & Hammouda, O. (2020). Effects of COVID-19 Home Confinement on Eating Behaviour and Physical Activity : Results of the. Nutrients, 12(1583), 13.
• Bashir, M. F., Ma, B., & Shahzad, L. (2020). A brief review of socio-economic and environmental impact of Covid-19. Air Quality, Atmosphere and Health, 13(12), 1403–1409. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-020-00894-8
• Chandratre, S. (2020). Medical Students and COVID-19: Challenges and Supportive Strategies. Journal of Medical Education and Curricular Development, 7, 238212052093505. https://doi.org/10.1177/2382120520935059
• Devoe, D. J., Han, A., Anderson, A., Katzman, D. K., Patten, S. B., Soumbasis, A., Flanagan, J., Paslakis, G., Vyver, E., Marcoux, G., & Dimitropoulos, G. (2023). The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on eating disorders: A systematic review. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 56(1), 5–25. https://doi.org/10.1002/EAT.23704
• Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The “what” and “why” of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11(4), 227–268. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327965PLI1104_01
• Essadek, A., & Rabeyron, T. (2020). Mental health of French students during the Covid-19 pandemic. Journal of Affective Disorders, 277, 392–393. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JAD.2020.08.042
• Fernández Cruz, M., Álvarez Rodríguez, J., Ávalos Ruiz, I., Cuevas López, M., de Barros Camargo, C., Díaz Rosas, F., González Castellón, E., González González, D., Hernández Fernández, A., Ibáñez Cubillas, P., & Lizarte Simón, E. J. (2020). Evaluation of the Emotional and Cognitive Regulation of Young People in a Lockdown Situation Due to the Covid-19 Pandemic. Frontiers in Psychology, 11(October). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.565503
• Gallè, F., Sabella, E. A., Ferracuti, S., De Giglio, O., Caggiano, G., Protano, C., Valeriani, F., Parisi, E. A., Valerio, G., Liguori, G., Montagna, M. T., Spica, V. R., Da Molin, G., Orsi, G. B., & Napoli, C. (2020). Sedentary behaviors and physical activity of Italian undergraduate students during lockdown at the time of COVID−19 pandemic. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(17), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.3390/IJERPH17176171
• Gallo, L. A., Gallo, T. F., Young, S. L., Moritz, K. M., & Akison, L. K. (2020). The Impact of Isolation Measures Due to COVID-19 on Energy Intake and Physical Activity Levels in Australian University Students. Nutrients, 12(6), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.3390/NU12061865
• Göl, İ., & Erkin, Ö. (2021). Mental status of nursing students assessed using the general health questionnaire during the COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey. In Perspectives in Psychiatric Care (Vol. 57, Issue 4, pp. 1712–1718). https://doi.org/10.1111/ppc.12740
• Hajdúk, M., Dančík, D., Januška, J., Svetský, V., Straková, A., Turček, M., Vašečková, B., Forgáčová, Ľ., Heretik, A., & Pečeňák, J. (2020). Psychotic experiences in student population during the COVID-19 pandemic. Schizophrenia Research, 222, 520. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SCHRES.2020.05.023
• Ibrahim, A. K., Kelly, S. J., Adams, C. E., & Glazebrook, C. (2013). A systematic review of studies of depression prevalence in university students. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 47(3), 391–400. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2012.11.015
• Lathabhavan, R., & Griffiths, M. (2020). First case of student suicide in India due to the COVID-19 education crisis: A brief report and preventive measures. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 53, 102202. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.AJP.2020.102202
• López-Valenciano, A., Suárez-Iglesias, D., Sanchez-Lastra, M. A., & Ayán, C. (2021). Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on University Students’ Physical Activity Levels: An Early Systematic Review. Frontiers in Psychology, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.624567
• Lyons, Z., Wilcox, H., Leung, L., & Dearsley, O. (2020). COVID-19 and the mental well-being of Australian medical students: impact, concerns and coping strategies used. Australasian Psychiatry, 28(6), 649–652. https://doi.org/10.1177/1039856220947945
• Lyubetsky, N., Bendersky, N., Verina, T., Demyanova, L., & Arkhipova, D. (2021). IMPACT of distance learning on student mental health in the COVID-19 pandemic. E3S Web of Conferences, 273. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202127310036
• Maciaszek, J., Ciulkowicz, M., Misiak, B., Szczesniak, D., Luc, D., Wieczorek, T., Fila-Witecka, K., Gawlowski, P., & Rymaszewska, J. (2020). Mental health of medical and non-medical professionals during the peak of the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional nationwide study. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 9(8), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9082527
• Markland, D., & Ingledew, D. K. (1997). The measurement of exercise motives: Factorial validity and invariance across gender of a revised Exercise Motivations Inventory. British Journal of Health Psychology, 2(4), 361–376. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8287.1997.tb00549.x
• Pokhrel, S., & Chhetri, R. (2021). A Literature Review on Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Teaching and Learning. Higher Education for the Future, 8(1), 133–141. https://doi.org/10.1177/2347631120983481
• Rizun, M., & Strzelecki, A. (2020). Students’ acceptance of the covid-19 impact on shifting higher education to distance learning in Poland. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(18), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186468
• Sañudo, B., Fennell, C., & Sánchez-Oliver, A. J. (2020). Objectively-assessed physical activity, sedentary behavior, smartphone use, and sleep patterns preand during-COVID-19 quarantine in young adults from Spain. Sustainability (Switzerland), 12(15). https://doi.org/10.3390/SU12155890
• Sher, L. (2020). The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on suicide rates. Qjm, 113(10), 707–712. https://doi.org/10.1093/QJMED/HCAA202
• Spina, S., Marrazzo, F., Migliari, M., Stucchi, R., Sforza, A., & Fumagalli, R. (2020). The response of Milan’s Emergency Medical System to the COVID-19 outbreak in Italy. The Lancet, 395(10227), e49–e50. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30493-1
• Wang, X., Hegde, S., Son, C., Keller, B., Smith, A., & Sasangohar, F. (2020). Investigating mental health of US college students during the COVID-19 pandemic: Cross-sectional survey study. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 22(9). https://doi.org/10.2196/22817
• Wieczorek, T., Kołodziejczyk, A., Ciułkowicz, M., Maciaszek, J., Misiak, B., Rymaszewska, J., & Szcześniak, D. (2021). Class of 2020 in poland: Students’ mental health during the covid‐19 outbreak in an academic setting. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(6), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18062884
• Xiong, J., Lipsitz, O., Nasri, F., Lui, L. M. W., Gill, H., Phan, L., Chen-Li, D., Iacobucci, M., Ho, R., Majeed, A., & McIntyre, R. S. (2020). Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on mental health in the general population: A systematic review. Journal of Affective Disorders, 277, 55–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JAD.2020.08.001
• Zhou, P., Yang, X. Lou, Wang, X. G., Hu, B., Zhang, L., Zhang, W., Si, H. R., Zhu, Y., Li, B., Huang, C. L., Chen, H. D., Chen, J., Luo, Y., Guo, H., Jiang, R. Di, Liu, M. Q., Chen, Y., Shen, X. R., Wang, X., … Shi, Z. L. (2020). A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. Nature, 579(7798), 270–273. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2012-7

Identifiers

DOI

10.18276/cej.2023.4-04

Biblioteka Nauki

30034663