Molekularny mechanizm zegara okołodobowego, czyli jak organizmy mierzą czas

• Authors: Wojciech Daniel Krzeptowski

Title variants

EN

Molecular mechanism of the circadian clock - how organisms count time

• Languages of publication: PL EN

Abstracts

PL

Rytmy okołodobowe są powszechne w przyrodzie, a ich występowanie stwierdzono niemal u wszystkich organizmów. Wspomniane rytmy przejawiają się zarówno w zachowaniu jak również metabolizmie oraz wielu ścieżkach fizjologicznych organizmu. Rytmy okołodobowe są kontrolowane przez specjalny mechanizm molekularnego zegara, opartego na działaniu pętli sprzężeń zwrotnych regulowanych poprzez białka o charakterze czynników transkrypcyjnych. Przez ostatnie lata mechanizm ten był intensywnie badany u bakterii, grzybów i roślin, oraz przede wszystkim u zwierząt bezkręgowych (Drosophila melanogaster) i ssaków. Molekularny mechanizm endogennego oscylatora różni się u Eukariota i Prokaryota, co sugeruje jego niezależne powstanie u tych grup organizmów. Pomimo znaczących różnic w regulacji mechanizmu zegara okołodobowego, wspólną cechą jest fakt, iż czynniki o charakterze aktywatorów inicjują transkrypcję czynników o charakterze inhibitorów, które zwrotnie hamują ekspresję wspomnianych aktywatorów. Kolejny cykl rozpoczyna się w momencie, gdy poziom czynników hamujących jest na tyle niski, iż możliwa jest ponowna transkrypcja czynników aktywujących. Taki samonapędzający się oscylator jest synchronizowany do zewnętrznych warunków środowiska dzięki istnieniu dróg wejściowych, które mogą odbierać informacje o warunkach świetlnych, temperaturze itp. Ponadto, białka wchodzące w skład molekularnego oscylatora odpowiedzialne są nie tylko za regulację poziomu białek zegara, ale wpływają na ekspresję innych genów, tak zwanych genów kontrolowanych przez zegar. Produkty białkowe tych genów stanowią element dróg wyjściowych zegara, które kontrolują wiele procesów fizjologicznych jak i behawior. W prezentowanej pracy został omówiony molekularny mechanizm zegara okołodobowego zwierząt modelowych, takich jak Synechococcus elongatus, Neurospora crassa, Arabidopsis thaliana, Drosophila melanogaster oraz Mus musculus.

EN

Almost all organisms exhibit circadian rhythms in behavior, metabolism and physiology. All these rhythms are controlled by a clock mechanism, which is composed of transcriptional feedback loops. Molecular composition and regulation of endogenous oscillators responsible for circadian rhythms, from cyanobacteria to humans, have been extensively investigated over past years. The molecular mechanism of the circadian clock is different between eukaryotes and prokaryotes, suggesting its independent origin. However, a common feature of the clock is that positive factors in the feedback loops activate the transcription of negative factors, which feedback to inhibit expression of positive factors. When the level of negative factors is low, the positive factors can start the next cycle of transcription. The core clock is synchronized to the environment by means of input pathways which can detect external cues such as light, temperature and other. Clock proteins are not only self-regulated molecules but can also influence expression of other genes (clock-controlled genes). These genes are part of an output pathway which controls many behavioral and physiological pathways. In this paper, the circadian clock mechanisms in different model organism (Synechococcus elongatus, Neurospora crassa, Arabidopsis thaliana, fruit fly and mouse) are reviewed.

• Journal: Kosmos
• Year: 2012
• Volume: 61
• Issue: 2
• Pages: 305-318

Dates

published

2012

Contributors

author

Wojciech Daniel Krzeptowski

• Uniwersytet Jagielloński, Instytut Zoologii, Zakład Biologii i Obrazowania Komórki, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387 Kraków, Polska

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