Monitoring volcanoes - a review

• Authors: Harry Pinkerton

Title variants

PL

Monitoring Wulkanów

• Languages of publication: EN PL

Abstracts

EN

Minimising risk in volcanic regions involves a number of inter-related studies. First is the collection of historical data on previous eruptions, followed by detailed mapping around the volcano. The resulting volcanic hazard map can be used during volcanic crises to minimise casualties. The range of tools currently deployed on volcanoes includes seismometers, a range of gas monitoring equipment, ground deformation equipment including differential GPS, borehole strainmeters, thermal imaging cameras, micro-gravimeters, magnetometers, laser scanners, radar scanners and magnetotelluric equipment to create subvolcanic images based on electrical conductivity. Satellites are also becoming more important, and new techniques involving solid state sensors may have a significant role to play in the future. Case studies confirm the usefulness of each of these techniques, although even in well-monitored volcanoes some eruptions take place without detectable precursors. To minimise the possibility of unexpected eruptions in the future will involve both increased instrumentation and the application of methodologies such as advanced neural networks and expert solicitation.

PL

Podczas ostatnich 300 lat ponad 250 tys. ludzi zginęło w wyniku erupcji wulkanicznych. Największe tragedie miały miejsce tam gdzie nie prowadzono monitoringu zachowania się wulkanów (El Chicon, Meksyk) lub nie przestrzegano zasad ewakuacji ludności (Nevado del Ruiz, Kolumbia). Z drugiej strony ścisłe przestrzeganie zasad i wyciąganie wniosków z danych monitoringu uratowały setki tysięcy ludzi przed zagładą w gęsto zaludnionych regionach świata (Pinatubo, Filipiny). Ograniczenie ryzyka związanego z przebywaniem ludzi w obszarach zagrożonych bezpośrednim oddziaływaniem wulkanów wymaga wielowątkowych badań. Pierwszym krokiem jest zebranie informacji dotyczących historycznych zapisów i relacji o wcześniejszych erupcjach. Opracowana na tej podstawie mapa potencjalnych zagrożeń może być bardzo pomocą podczas kryzysowej sytuacji. Pozwala ona zorientować się w rozmiarach jak i typie erupcji jaka może mieć miejsce. Szeroki wachlarz narzędzi do monitorowania zachowania się wulkanów obejmuje: sejsmometry, urządzenia do badania gazów wulkanicznych, deformacji gruntu, w tym precyzyjne przyrządy GPS, kamery termowizyjne, mikro-grawimetry, magnetometry, skanery laserowe, urządzenia do pomiarów magneto-tellurycznych (urządzenia do tworzenia obrazów wnętrza wulkanu na podstawie badań zmian własności elektrycznych i magnetycznych skał). Ważną rolę we współczesnym monitoringu odgrywają satelity jak również zastosowanie nowoczesnych metodologii, takich jak sieci neuronowe czy burze mózgów ekspertów od monitoringu (realizowane z użyciem najnowszych osiągnięć telekomunikacji i łączności). Jednak w praktyce najważniejsze okazuje się szybkie i precyzyjne przekazanie uzyskanych wniosków z pomiarów zagrożonym ludziom. Od szybkości i precyzji tych informacji zależą istnienia tysięcy ludzi. Pomimo dużej nieprzewidywalności zjawisk geologicznych dzięki dokładnemu monitoringowi możliwe jest w wielu przypadkach z dużą dozą prawdopodobieństwa określenie momentu i zasięgu mających nastąpić erupcji wulkanicznych. Gromadzenie nowych danych i doświadczeń w dziedzinie monitoringu to najskuteczniejsza obrona przed nieokiełznaną naturą pozwalająca coraz precyzyjniej określać zagrożenia dla ok. 10% populacji ludności świata, tylu bowiem ludzi znajduje się w "strefie rażenia" aktywnych wulkanów.

• Journal: Kosmos
• Year: 2011
• Volume: 60
• Issue: 3-4
• Pages: 245-259

Dates

published

2011

Contributors

author

Harry Pinkerton

• Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, U.K.

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