Czochralski Growth and Properties of Scintillating Crystals

Yoshikawa, A.; Chani, V.; Nikl, M.

doi:10.12693/APhysPolA.124.250

Journal

Acta Physica Polonica A

2013 | 124 | 2 | 250-264

Article title

Czochralski Growth and Properties of Scintillating Crystals

Authors

A. Yoshikawa , V. Chani , M. Nikl

Content

Full texts:

http://przyrbwn.icm.edu.pl/APP/PDF/124/a124z2p13.pdf [remote]

Title variants

Languages of publication

EN

Abstracts

EN

The Czochralski method is one of the very few melt growth techniques that are industry friendly when considering the combination of quality, dimensions, and cost of the produced crystals suitable for their commercialization in scintillation detectors. This method is one of the oldest and most developed crystal growth processes regarding an adequate understanding the physical phenomena observed during solidification process and its practical expansion especially in the industrial scale production. It allows controllable formation of single-crystalline cylindrical ingots of various inorganic scintillation materials. The review summarizes recent progress on the Czochralski growth of a number of scintillation materials. The oxide crystals are mainly considered including the Ce and Pr-doped RE_3Al_5O_{12}, RE = Y, Lu, aluminum garnets and newly discovered ultraefficient Ce-doped Gd_3(Ga,Al)_5O_{12} multicomponent garnet, high density PbWO_4 and CdWO_4 tungstates, Ce-doped RE_2SiO_5, RE = Y, Gd, Lu, oxyorthosilicates and (Y,Lu)AlO_3 aluminum perovskites and finally the classical Bi_4Ge_3O_{12} scintillator. Additionally, the details of the growth of other practically important non-oxide crystals, namely the Ce and Eu-doped LiCaAlF_6 neutron and ultraefficient Ce-doped LaBr_3 scintillators, are discussed. The potential of novel micro-pulling down growth method is briefly described in the combinatorial search for new scintillator materials. Selected luminescence and scintillation characteristics including the spectra and decay kinetics, light yield and radiation resistance are also illustrated and overviewed.

Keywords

EN

81.10.Fq 78.70.Ps 29.40.Mc 78.55.Hx

Discipline

Publisher

Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences

Journal

Acta Physica Polonica A

Year

2013

Volume

124

Issue

2

Pages

250-264

Physical description

Dates

published

2013-08

Contributors

author

A. Yoshikawa

Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
NICHe, Tohoku University, 6-6-10 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan

author

V. Chani

Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan

author

M. Nikl

Institute of Physics ASCR, Cukrovarnicka 10, 162 53 Prague, Czech Republic

References

1. D.J. Robbins, J. Electrochem. Soc. 127, 2694 (1980)
2. A. Lempicki, A.J. Wojtowicz, E. Berman, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A 333, 304 (1993)
3. M.J. Weber, J. Lumin. 100, 35 (2002)
4. M. Nikl, Meas. Sci. Technol. 17, R37 (2006)
5. K. Kamada, K. Tsutsumi, Y. Usuki, H. Ogino, T. Yanagida, A. Yoshikawa, IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 55, 1488 (2008)
6. T. Yanagida, M. Sato, K. Kamada, Y. Fujimoto, Y. Yokota, A. Yoshikawa, V. Chani, Opt. Mater. 33, 413 (2011)
7. A. Yoshikawa, Y. Fujimoto, A. Yamaji, S. Kurosawa, J. Pejchal, M. Sugiyama, S. Wakahara, Y. Futami, Y. Yokota, K. Kamada, K. Yubuta, T. Shishido, M. Nikl, Opt. Mater. (2013)
8. H. Kimura, H. Maeda, M. Sato, J. Cryst. Growth 74, 187 (1986)
9. K. Kamada, T. Yanagida, J. Pejchal, M. Nikl, T. Endo, K. Tsutsumi, Y. Fujimoto, A. Fukabori, A. Yoshikawa, IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 59, 2112 (2012)
10. K. Nitsch, M. Nikl, S. Ganschow, P. Reiche, R. Uecker, J. Cryst. Growth 165, 163 (1996)
11. N. Senguttuvan, Premila Mohan, S. Moorthy Babu, C. Subramanian, J. Cryst. Growth 183, 391 (1998)
12. A. Annenkov, E. Auffray, G. Drobychev, M. Korzhik, V. Kostylev, O. Kovalev, P. Lecoq, V. Ligoun, O. Missevitch, R. Zouevski, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A 537, 173 (2005)
13. T. Eissner, D.A. Bremer, V. Dormenev, P. Drexler, M. Moritz, R.W. Novotny, R. Schubert, Nucl. Sci. Symp. Med. Imag. Conf. N47-1, 2095 (2011)
14. B.P. Nazarenko, V.N. Baumer, E.F. Dolzhenkova, M.B. Kosmyna, Neorganicheskie Materialy 41, 1261 (2005)
15. E.N. Galashov, V.A. Gusev, V.N. Shlegel, Ya.V. Vasiliev, Crystallogr. Rep. 54, 689 (2009)
16. G.B. Loutts, A.I. Zagumennyi, S.V. Lavrishchev, Yu.D. Zavartsev, P.A. Studenikin, J. Cryst. Growth 174, 331 (1997)
17. Y.D. Zavartsev, S.A. Koutovoi, A.I. Zagumennyi, J. Cryst. Growth 275, e2167 (2005)
18. M.A. Spurrier, P. Szupryczynski, H. Rothfuss, K. Yang, A.A. Carey, C.L. Melcher, J. Cryst. Growth 310, 2110 (2008)
19. M. Koschan, K. Yang, M. Zhuravleva, C.L. Melcher, J. Cryst. Growth 352, 133 (2012)
20. G. Gevay, Prog. Cryst. Growth Charact. 15, 145 (1987)
21. M. Berkowski, K. Iliev, V. Nikolov, P. Peshev, W. Piekarczyk, J. Cryst. Growth 108, 225 (1991)
22. Ya.V. Vasiliev, R.R. Akhmetshin, Yu.A. Borovliev, D.N. Grigoriev, V.A. Gusev, V.N. Shlegel, V.P. Smakhtin, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A 379, 533 (1996)
23. W. Drozdowski, A.J. Wojtowicz, T. Łukasiewicz, J. Kisielewski, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A 562, 254 (2006)
24. W.W. Moses, S.E. Derenzo, A. Fyodorov, M. Korzhik, A. Gektin, B. Minkov, V. Aslanov, IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. NS-42, 275 (1995)
25. A. Gektin, N. Shiran, S. Neicheva, V. Gavrilyuk, A. Bensalah, T. Fukuda, K. Shimamura, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A 486, 274 (2002)
26. K. Shimamura, S.L. Baldochi, I.M. Ranieri, H. Sato, T. Fujita, V.L. Mazzocchi, C.B.R. Parente, C.O. Paiva-Santos, C.V. Santilli, N. Sarukura, T. Fukuda, J. Cryst. Growth 223, 383 (2001)
27. T. Yanagida, N. Kawaguchi, Y. Fujimoto, K. Fukuda, Y. Yokota, A. Yamazaki, K. Watanabe, J. Pejchal, A. Uritani, T. Iguchi, A. Yoshikawa, Opt. Mater. 33, 1243 (2011)
28. H. Sato, A. Bensalah, A. Yoshikawa, M. Nikl, H. Machida, T. Fukuda, Opt. Mater. 24, 123 (2003)
29. K. Shimamura, S.L. Baldochi, Na Mujilatu, K. Nakano, Z. Liu, N. Sarukura, T. Fukuda, J. Cryst. Growth 211, 302 (2000)
30. K.S. Shah, J. Glodo, M. Klugerman, W.W. Moses, S.E. Derenzo, M.J. Weber, http://escholarship.org/uc/item/38f0c7zv LBNL-51793, University of California, Oakland 2002
31. W.H. Zachariasen, J. Chem. Phys. 16, 254 (1948)
32. P.R. Menge, http://detectors.saint-gobain.com/uploadedFiles/SGdetectors/Documents/Technical_Information_Notes/BrilLanCe-Presentation-SORMA.pdf Performance of Large BrilLanCe 380 (Lanthanum Bromide) Scintillators, SORMA XI, Ann Arbor (MI, USA), 2006
33. F. Quarati, A.J.J. Bos, S. Brandenburg, C. Dathy, P. Dorenbos, S. Kraft, R.W. Ostendorf, V. Ouspenski, A. Owens, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A 574, 115 (2007)
34. W.M. Higgins, A. Churilov, E. van Loef, J. Glodo, M. Squillante, K. Shah, J. Cryst. Growth 310, 2085 (2008)
35. J. Czochralski, J. Phys. Chem. 91, 219 (1918)
36. C.D. Brandle, J. Cryst. Growth 264, 593 (2004)
37. M. Nikl, A. Yoshikawa, K. Kamada, K. Nejezchleb, C.R. Stanek, J.A. Mares, K. Blazek, Prog. Cryst. Growth Charact. Mater. 59, 47 (2013)
38. M. Nikl, H. Ogino, A. Krasnikov, A. Beitlerova, A. Yoshikawa, T. Fukuda, Phys. Status Solidi A 202, R4 (2005)
39. H. Ogino, A. Yoshikawa, M. Nikl, A. Krasnikov, K. Kamada, T. Fukuda, J. Cryst. Growth 287, 335 (2006)
40. A. Yoshikawa, K. Kamada, F. Saito, H. Ogino, M. Itoh, T. Katagiri, D. Iri, M. Fujita, IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 55, 1372 (2008)
41. K. Kamada, T. Yanagida, T. Endo, K. Tsutumi, Y. Fujimoto, A. Fukabori, A. Yoshikawa, J. Pejchal, M. Nikl, Crystal Growth Des. 11, 4484 (2011)
42. K. Kamada, T. Yanagida, J. Pejchal, M. Nikl, T. Endo, K. Tsutumi, Y. Usuki, Y. Fujimoto, A. Fukabori, A. Yoshikawa, J. Cryst. Growth 352, 84 (2012)
43. Shaped Crystals: Growth by Micro-Pulling-Down Technique, Eds. T. Fukuda, V.I. Chani, Springer, Berlin 2007
44. R.D. Shannon, C.T. Prewitt, Acta Crystallogr. B 25, 925 (1969)
45. G. Zhao, X. Zeng, J. Xu, Y. Xu, Y. Zhou, J. Cryst. Growth 253, 290 (2003)
46. Ji. Kvapil, Jo. Kvapil, B. Manek, B. Perner, R. Autrata, P. Schauer, J. Cryst. Growth 52, 542 (1981)
47. V. Bachmann, C. Ronda, A. Meijerink, Chem. Mater. 21, 2077 (2009)
48. K. Kamada, T. Yanagida, T. Endo, K. Tsutumi, M. Yoshino, J. Kataoka, Y. Usuki, Y. Fujimoto, A. Fukabori, A. Yoshikawa, J. Cryst. Growth 352, 91 (2012)
49. M. Nikl, A. Vedda, M. Fasoli, I. Fontana, V.V. Laguta, E. Mihokova, J. Pejchal, J. Rosa, Phys. Rev. B 76, 195121 (2007)
50. M. Moszynski, M. Balcerzyk, M. Kapusta, A. Syntfeld, D. Wolski, G. Pausch, J. Stein, P. Schotanus, IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 52, 3124 (2005)
51. Y. Abraham, N.A.W. Holzwarth, R.T. Williams, Phys. Rev. B 62, 1733 (2000)
52. M. Nikl, Phys. Status Solidi A 178, 595 (2000)
53. A.A. Annenkov, M.V. Korzhik, P. Lecoq, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A 490, 30 (2002)
54. M. Itoh, H. Yokota, M. Horimoto, M. Fujita, Y. Usuki, Phys. Status Solidi B 231, 595 (2002)
55. J.A. Mares, M. Nikl, E. Mihokova, A. Beitlerova, A. Vedda, C. D'Ambrosio, IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 55, 1142 (2008)
56. H. Suzuki, T.A. Tombrello, C.L. Melcher, J.S. Schweizer, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A 320, 263 (1992)
57. W. Chewpraditkul, C. Wanarak, T. Szczesniak, M. Moszynski, V. Jary, A. Beitlerova, M. Nikl, Opt. Mater. 35, 1679 (2013)
58. O. Sidletskiy, A. Belsky, A. Gektin, S. Neicheva, D. Kurtsev, V. Kononets, C. Dujardin, K. Lebbou, O. Zelenskaya, V. Tarasov, K. Belikov, B. Grinyov, Cryst. Growth Des. 12, 4411 (2012)
59. F. Antonangeli, N. Zema, M. Piacentini, Phys. Rev. B 37, 9036 (1988)
60. E. Mihóková, M. Nikl, M. Bacci, M. Dušek, V. Petříček, Phys. Rev. B 79, 195130 (2009)
61. V. Kolobanov, V. Mikhailin, N. Petrovnin, D. Spassky, Yu. Zorenko, Phys. Status Solidi B 243, R60 (2006)
62. M. Nikl, P. Bruza, D. Panek, M. Vrbova, E. Mihokova, J.A. Mares, A. Beitlerova, N. Kawaguchi, K. Fukuda, A. Yoshikawa, Appl. Phys. Lett. 102, 161907 (2013)
63. K.W. Krämer, P. Dorenbos, H.U. Güdel, C.W.E. van Eijk, J. Mater. Chem. 16, 2773 (2006)
64. O. Guillot-Noël, J.T.M. De Haas, P. Dorenbos, C.W.E. Van Eijk, K. Krämer, H.U. Güdel, J. Lumin. 85, 21 (1999)
65. E.V.D. Van Loef, P. Dorenbos, C.W.E. van Eijk, K. Krämer, H.U. Güdel, Phys. Rev. B 68, 045108 (2003)
66. J. Glodo, K.S. Shah, M. Klugerman, P. Wong, B. Higgins, P. Dorenbos, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A 537, 279 (2005)
67. M.D. Birowosuto, P. Dorenbos, C.W.E. van Eijk, IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 52, 1114 (2005)
68. S.Ph. Burachas, F.A. Danevich, A.Sh. Georgadze, H.V. Klapdor-Kleingrothaus, V. Kobychev, B.N. Kropivyansky, V.N. Kuts, A. Muller, V.N. Muzalevsky, A.S. Nikolaiko, O.A. Ponkratenko, V.D. Ryzhikov, A.S. Sai, I.M. Solsky, V.I. Tretyak, Yu.G. Zdesenko, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A 369, 164 (1996)
69. M. Nikl, V.V. Laguta, A. Vedda, Phys. Status. Solidi B 245, 1701 (2008)
70. V.V. Laguta, M. Buryi, M. Nikl, J. Rosa, S. Zazubovich, Phys. Rev. B 83, 094123 (2011)
71. A. Krasnikov, M. Nikl, S. Zazubovich, Phys. Status Solidi B 243, 1727 (2006)
72. M.M. Chirila, K.T. Stevens, H.J. Murphy, N.C. Giles, J. Phys. Chem. Solids 61, 675 (2000)
73. L. Nagornaya, G. Onyshchenko, E. Pirogov, N. Starzhinskiy, I. Tupitsyna, V. Ryzhikov, Yu. Galich, Yu. Vostretsov, S. Galkin, E. Voronkin, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A 537, 163 (2005)
74. L. Pidol, O. Guillot-Noel, A. Kahn-Harari, B. Viana, D. Pelenc, D. Gourier, J. Phys. Chem. Solids 67, 643 (2006)
75. E. van der Kolk, S.A. Basun, G.F. Imbusch, W.M. Yen, Appl. Phys. Lett. 83, 1740 (2003)
76. H. Feng, V. Jary, E. Mihokova, D. Ding, M. Nikl, G. Ren, H. Li, S. Pan, A. Beitlerova, R. Kucerkova, J. Appl. Phys. 108, 033519 (2010)
77. P. Dorenbos, C.W.W. van Eijk, A.J.J. Bos, C.L. Melcher, J. Phys. Condens. Matter 6, 4167 (1994)
78. M. Nikl, E. Mihokova, J. Pejchal, A. Vedda, M. Fasoli, I. Fontana, V.V. Laguta, V. Babin, K. Nejezchleb, A. Yoshikawa, H. Ogino, G. Ren, IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 55, 1035 (2008)
79. A. Vedda, M. Nikl, M. Fasoli, E. Mihokova, J. Pejchal, M. Dusek, G. Ren, C.R. Stanek, K.J. McClellan, D.D. Byler, Phys. Rev. B 78, 195123 (2008)
80. S. Blahuta, A. Bessière, B. Viana, V. Ouspenski, E. Mattmann, J. Lejay, D. Gourier, Materials 4, 1224 (2011)
81. M.A. Spurrier, P. Szupryczynski, K. Yang, A.A. Carey, C.L. Melcher, IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 55, 1178 (2008)
82. B. Viana, T.H. Maldiney, S. Blahuta, A. Béssi?re, D. Gourier, C. Richard, D. Scherman, V. Ouspenski, Proc. SPIE 8626, 86260R (2013)
83. M. Kobayashi, K. Harada, Y. Hirose, M. Ishii, I. Yamaga, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A 400, 392 (1997)
84. V. Chani, K. Lebbou, B. Hautefeuille, O. Tillement, J.-M. Fourmigue, Cryst. Res. Technol 41, 972 (2006)
85. M.J. Weber, R.R. Monchamp, J. Appl. Phys. 44, 5495 (1973)
86. R. Moncorge, B. Jacquier, G. Boulon, J. Lumin. 14, 337 (1976)
87. D. Klimm, J. Cryst. Growth 312, 730 (2010)
88. M.J. Weber, J. Appl. Phys. 44, 3205 (1973)
89. T. Takeda, T. Miyata, F. Muramatsu, T. Tomiki, J. Electrochem. Soc. 127, 438 (1980)
90. E. Autrata, P. Schauer, J. Kvapil, Jos. Kvapil, Scanning 5, 91 (1983)
91. V.G. Baryshevsky, M.V. Korzhik, V.I. Moroz, V.B. Pavlenko, A.A. Fyodorov, S.A. Smirnova, O.A. Egorycheva, V.A. Kachanov, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. 58, 291 (1991)
92. J. Trummer, E. Auffray, P. Lecoq, A. Petrosyan, P. Sempere-Roldan, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A 551, 339 (2005)
93. A. Vedda, M. Fasoli, M. Nikl, V.V. Laguta, E. Mihokova, J. Pejchal, A. Yoshikawa, M. Zhuravleva, Phys. Rev. B 80, 045113 (2009)
94. V.V. Laguta, M. Nikl, A. Vedda, E. Mihokova, J. Rosa, K. Blazek, Phys. Rev. B 80, 045114 (2009)
95. A.N. Belsky, E. Auffray, P. Lecoq, C. Dujardin, N. Garnier, H. Canibano, C. Pedrini, A.G. Petrosyan, IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 48, 1095 (2001)
96. W. Chewpraditkul, A. Phunpueok, T. Szczesniak, M. Moszynski, V. Babin, M. Nikl, Phys. Status Solidi A (2013)
97. M. Nikl, N. Solovieva, E. Mihokova, M. Dusek, A. Vedda, M. Martini, K. Shimamura, T. Fukuda, Phys. Status Solidi A 187, R1 (2001)
98. A. Yoshikawa, T. Yanagida, Y. Yokota, N. Kawaguchi, S. Ishizu, K. Fukuda, T. Suyama, K.J. Kim, J. Pejchal, M. Nikl, K. Watanabe, M. Miyake, M. Baba, K. Kamada, IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 56, 3796 (2009)
99. A. Fukabori, V. Chani, K. Kamada, F. Moretti, A. Yoshikawa, Cryst. Growth Des. 11, 2404 (2011)
100. J.A.K. Blokland, P. Trindev, M.P.M. Stokkel, E.K.J. Pauwels, Europ. J. Radiol. 44, 70 (2002)

Document Type

Publication order reference

Identifiers

DOI

10.12693/APhysPolA.124.250

YADDA identifier

bwmeta1.element.bwnjournal-article-appv124n213kz