Photodynamic effect of protoporphyrin diarginate (PPArg2) on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and human dermal fibroblasts

• Authors: Mariusz Grinholc , Anna Kawiak , Julianna Kurlenda , Alfreda Graczyk , Krzysztof P Bielawski
• Languages of publication: EN

Abstracts

EN

The worldwide rise in the antibiotic resistance of bacteria forces the development of alternative antimicrobial treatments. A potential approach is photodynamic inactivation (PDI). The aim of the present study was to determine the phototoxicity of protoporphyrin diarginate (PPArg2) against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and human dermal fibroblasts. Different concentrations (0 to 20 µM) of PPArg2 and light dose of 6 J cm-2 were tested. Cell viability was evaluated using the methylthiazoletetrazolium (MTT) assay. Incubation with 10 µM followed by illumination yielded a 3.6 log10-unit reduction in the viable count for Staphylococcus aureus. At the same experimental conditions, only 22.5% of the fibroblasts were photoinactivated. Protoporphyrin diarginate at concentrations up to 20 µM demonstrated no toxicity towards S. aureus or fibroblasts when not irradiated. These results suggest that the protoporphyrin diarginate exerts a high bactericidal effect against methicillin-resistant S. aureus strain without harming eukaryotic cells.

Keywords

EN

cytotoxicity; antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation; MRSA; fibroblasts; phototoxicity

• Publisher: Polish Biochemical Society
• Journal: Acta Biochimica Polonica
• Year: 2008
• Volume: 55
• Issue: 1
• Pages: 85-90

Dates

published

2008

received

2007-09-20

revised

2007-12-13

accepted

2008-01-16

(unknown)

2008-01-23

Contributors

author

Mariusz Grinholc

• Department of Biotechnology, Division of Molecular Diagnostics, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Gdańsk, Poland

author

Anna Kawiak

• Department of Biotechnology, Division of Plant Protection and Biotechnology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Gdańsk, Poland

author

Julianna Kurlenda

• Department of Biotechnology, Division of Molecular Diagnostics, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Gdańsk, Poland

author

Alfreda Graczyk

• Institute of Optoelectronics, Military University of Technology, Warszawa, Poland

author

Krzysztof P Bielawski

• Department of Biotechnology, Division of Molecular Diagnostics, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Gdańsk, Poland

References

• Aires de Sousa M, Santos Sanches I, Ferro ML, Vaz MJ, Saraiva Z, Tendeiro T, Serra J, de Lencastre H (1998) Intercontinental spread of a multidrug-resistant methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clone. J Clin Microbiol 36: 2590-2596.
• Baumler W, Abels C, Karrer S, Weiss T, Messmann H, Landthaler M, Szeimies RM (1999) Photo-oxidative killing of human colonic cancer cells using indocyanine green and infrared light. Br J Cancer 80: 360-363.
• Bertoloni G, Lauro FM, Cortella G, Merchat M (2000) Photosensitizing activity of hematoporphyrin on Staphylococcus aureus cells. Biochim Biophys Acta 1475: 169-174.
• Bisland SK, Chien C, Wilson BC, Burch S (2006) Pre-clinical in vitro and in vivo studies to examine the potential use of photodynamic therapy in the treatment of osteomyelitis. Photochem Photobiol Sci 5: 31-38.
• Chiu LL, Sun ChH, Yeh AT, Torkian B, Karamzadeh A, Tromberg B, Wong BJ (2005) Photodynamic therapy on keloid fibroblasts in tissue-engineered keratinocyte-fibroblast co-culture. Lasers Surg Med 37: 231-244.
• Embleton ML, Nair SP, Cookson BD, Wilson M (2002) Selective lethal photosensitization of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus using IgG-tin(IV) chlorin e6 conjugate. J Antimicrob Chemother 50: 857-864.
• Gad F, Zahra T, Hasan T, Hamblin MR (2004) Effects of growth phase and extracellular slime on photodynamic inactivation of gram-positive pathogenic bacteria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 48: 2173-2178.
• Grinholc M, Wegrzyn G, Kurlenda J (2007a) Evaluation of biofilm production and prevalence of the icaD gene in methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from patients with nosocomial infections and carriers. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 50: 375-379.
• Grinholc M, Szramka B, Olender K, Graczyk A (2007b) Bactericidal effect of photodynamic therapy against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strain with the use of various porphyrin photosensitizers. Acta Biochim Polon 54: 665-670.
• Haddad R, Kaplan O, Brazovski E, Rabau M, Schneebaum S, Shnaper A, Skornick Y, Kashtan H (1999) Effect of photodynamic therapy on normal fibroblasts and colon anastomotic healing in mice. J Gastrointest Surg 3: 602-606.
• Halliwell B, Gutteridge JM (1984) Lipid peroxidation, oxygen radicals, cell damage, and antioxidant therapy. Lancet 1: 1396-1397.
• Haylett AK, Ward TH, Moore JV (2003) DNA damage and repair in Gorlin syndrome and normal fibroblasts after aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy: a comet assay. Photochem Photobiol 78: 337-341.
• Hiramatsu K, Hanaki H, Ino T, Yabuta K, Oguri T, Tenover FC (1997) Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clinical strain with reduced vancomycin susceptibility. J Antimicrob Chemother 40: 135-136.
• Hryniewicz W, Zareba T, Jeljaszewicz J (1993) Patterns of antibiotic resistance in bacterial strains isolated in Poland. APUA Newsl 11: 1-3.
• Kurlenda J, Grinholc M, Jasek K, Wegrzyn G (2007) RAPD typing of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: a 7-year experience in a Polish hospital. Med Sci Monit 13: MT13-18.
• Lambrechts SAG, Demidova TN, Aalders MCG, Hasan T, Hamblin MR (2005a) Photodynamic therapy for Staphylococcus aureus infected burn wounds in mice. Photochem Photobiol Sci 4: 503-509.
• Lambrechts SAG, Schwartz KR, Aalders MCG, Dankert JB (2005b) Photodynamic inactivation of fibroblasts by a cationic porphyrin. Lasers Med Sci 20: 62-67.
• Lasocki K, Szpakowska M, Grzybkowski J, Graczyk A (1999) Examination of antibacterial activity of the photoactivated arginine haematoporphyrin derivative. Pharmacol Res 39: 181-184.
• Leski T, Oliveira D, Trzcinski K, Santos Sanches I, Aires de Sousa M, Hryniewicz W, de Lencastre H (1998) Clonal distribution of methicillin-resistant Staphylococccus aureus in Poland. J Clin Microbiol 36: 3532-3539.
• Maisch T, Bosl C, Szeimies RM, Lehn N, Abels C (2005) Photodynamic effects of novel XF porphyrin derivatives on prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 49: 1542-1552.
• Nitzan Y, Salmon-Divon M, Shporen E, Malik Z (2004) ALA induced photodynamic effects on gram positive and gram negative bacteria. Photochem Photobiol Sci 3: 430-435.
• Piechowicz L, Namysl E, Galinski J (1993) Występowanie metycylinoopornych gronkowców w Polsce i ich charakterystyka. Med Dosw Mikrobiol 45: 273-276 (in Polish).
• Ploy MC, Grelaud C, Martin C, de Lumley L, Denis F (1998) First clinical isolate of vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus in a French hospital. Lancet 351: 1212.
• Ramaiah D, Eckert I, Arun KT, Weidenfeller L, Epe B (2002) Squaraine dyes for photodynamic therapy: study of their cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in bacteria and mammalian cells. Photochem Photobiol 76: 672-677.
• Sievert D (2002) Staphylococcus aureus resistant to vancomycin. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 51L: 565-567.
• Smith TL, Pearson ML, Wilcox KR et al. (1999) Emergence of vancomycin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. N Engl J Med 340: 493-501.
• Soukos NS, Wilson M, Burns T, Speight PM (1996) Photodynamic effects of toluidine blue on human oral keratinocytes and fibroblasts and Streptococcus sanguis evaluated in vitro. Lasers Surg Med 18: 253-259.
• Tegos GP, Hamblin MR (2006) Phenothiazinium antimicrobial photosensitizers are substrates of bacterial multidrug resistance pumps. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 50: 196-203.
• Wainwright M (1998) Photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy (PACT). J Antimicrob Chemother 42: 13-28.
• Zeina B, Greenman J, Corry D, Purcell WM (2002) Cytotoxic effects of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy on keratinocytes in vitro. Br J Dermatol 146: 568-573.
• Zeina B, Greenman J, Corry D, Purcell WM (2003) Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy: assessment of genotoxic effects on keratinocytes in vitro. Br J Dermatol 148: 229-232.