Differences in the Direction of Effort Adaptation Between Mountain Bikers and Road Cyclists

• Authors: Marek Zatoń , Dariusz Dąbrowski
• Languages of publication: EN

Abstracts

EN

Purpose. Different forms of cycling require the use of different abilities and skills. The aim of this paper was to attempt to identify differences in the directions and dynamics of the body’s adaption to training in road (ROAD) and mountain (MTB) cyclists. Methods. Research was performed on a group of competitive road (n = 25) and mountain (n = 25) cyclists, mean age 16.96 ± 0.78 years presenting maximal oxygen uptake values of 4.45 ± 0.47 L/min-1. Body composition and physiological and biochemical parameters at rest, during exercise, and during restitution (cool down) were determined. Exercise was performed on a cycle ergometer in the form of a progressive load test. Analysis of the results included cluster analysis and basic statistical methods. Results. Cluster analysis indicated that the amount of work performed during the progressive load test was a universal indicator of physical fitness. The level of base excess (BE) in the 3rd min of restitution had a large influence on the remaining parameters in both groups. Training adaptation in MTB were manifested through increased values of maximum heart rate, blood oxygen saturation, oxygen partial pressure, and lactate and BE levels in the blood, as well as a reduction in blood pH and body mass. Conversely, in ROAD, adaptation to effort was evidenced by increased maximum values of oxygen uptake, minute ventilation, cardiac output and the rate of carbon dioxide elimination as well as an increase in hematocrit count and lean body mass. Conclusions. Adaptation to training by road cyclists is primarily evident in the development of aerobic capacity. Mountain biking induces adaptive changes in the development of anaerobic capacity by increasing the buffer capacity of the blood and muscles, as well as the development of the oxygen transportation system.

Keywords

EN

road cycling; mountain biking (MTB); effort adaptation; physical ability

• Publisher: De Gruyter Open
• Journal: Human Movement
• Year: 2013
• Volume: 14
• Issue: 2
• Pages: 154-160

Dates

published

1 - 06 - 2013

online

11 - 07 - 2013

Contributors

author

Marek Zatoń

• University School of Physical Education, Wrocław, Poland

author

Dariusz Dąbrowski

• University School of Physical Education, Wrocław, Poland

References

• 1. Lucia A., Hoyos J., Chicharro J.L., Physiology of Professional Road Cycling. Sports Med, 2001, 31 (5), 325-337.[Crossref]
• 2. Mujika I., Padilla S., Physiological and performance characteristics of male professional road cyclists. Sports Med, 2001, 31 (7), 479-487.[PubMed][Crossref]
• 3. Ebert T.R., Martin D.T., Stephens B., Withers R.T., Power output during a professional men’s road-cycling tour. Int J Sports Physiol Perform, 2006, 1 (4), 324-335.
• 4. Zatoń M., Hebisz R., Hebisz P., Physiological basis of mountain biking training [in Polish]. AWF, Wrocław 2011.
• 5. Impellizzeri F., Sassi A., Rodriguez-Alonso M., Mognoni P., Marcora S., Exercise intensity during off-road cycling competitions. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 2002, 34 (11), 1808-1813.[PubMed][Crossref]
• 6. Impellizzeri F.M., Marcora S.M., The Physiology of Mountain Biking. Sports Med, 2007, 37 (1), 59-71.[WoS][Crossref][PubMed]
• 7. Impellizzeri F., Marcora S., Rampinini E., Mognoni P., Sassi A., Correlations between physiological variables and performance in high level cross country off road cyclists. Br J Sports Med, 2005, 39 (10), 747-751.[PubMed][Crossref]
• 8. Faria E.W., Parker D.L., Faria I.E., The Science of Cycling Physiology and Training - Part 1. Sports Med, 2005, 35 (4), 285-312.
• 9. Stringer W.W., Hansen J.E., Wasserman K., Cardiac output estimated noninvasively from oxygen uptake during exercise. J Appl Physiol, 1997, 82 (3), 908-912.[PubMed]
• 10. Joyner M.J., Coyle E.F., Endurance exercise performance: the physiology of champions. J Physiol, 2008, 586 (1), 35-44, doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2007.143834.[Crossref]
• 11. Costa V., De-Oliveira F., Physiological variables to predict performance in cross-country mountain bike races. J ExercPhysiol Online, 2008, 11 (6), 14-24.
• 12. Leicht A.S., Allen G.D., Hoey A.J., Influence of intensive cycling training on heart rate variability during rest and exercise. Can J Appl Physiol, 2003, 28 (6), 898-909, doi: 10.1139/h03-064.[Crossref][PubMed]
• 13. Hu M., Finni T., Zou L., Perhonen M., Sedliak M., Alen M. et al., Effects of strength training on work capacity and parasympathetic heart rate modulation during exercise in physically inactive men. Int J Sports Med, 2009, 30 (10), 719-724, doi: 10.1055/s-0029-1225329.[PubMed][Crossref][WoS]
• 14. Cornelissen V.A., Fagard R.H., Effects of endurance training on blood pressure, blood pressure-regulating mechanisms, and cardiovascular risk factors. Hypertension, 2005, 46(4), 667-675, doi: 10.1161/01.HYP.0000184225.05629.51.[PubMed][Crossref]
• 15. Wirnitzer K.C., Faulhaber M. Hemoglobin and hematocrit during an 8 day mountainbike race: A field study. J Sports Sci Med, 2007, 6 (2), 265-266.
• 16. Penteado V.S.R, Castro C.H.M., Pinheiro M.M., Santana M., Bertolino S., Mello M.T. et al., Diet, body composition, and bone mass in well-trained cyclists. J ClinDensitom, 2010, 13 (1), 43-50, doi:10.1016/j.jocd.2009. 09.002.[Crossref]
• 17. Lee H., Martin D.T., Anson J.M., Grundy D., Hahn A.G., Physiological characteristics of successful mountain bikers and professional road cyclists. J Sports Sci, 2002, 20 (12), 1001-1008, doi: 10.1080/026404102321011760.[Crossref]
• 18. Dobrzyn P., Pyrkowska A., Jazurek M., Szymanski K., Langfort J., Dobrzyn A., Endurance training-induced accumulation of muscle triglycerides is coupled to upregulation of stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1. J Appl Physiol, 2010, 109 (6), 1653-1661, doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00598.2010.[WoS][Crossref]
• 19. Garcia-Lopez J., Rodriguez-Marroyo J.A., Juneau C.E., Peleteiro J., Martinez A.C., Villa J.G., Reference values and improvement of aerodynamic drag in professional cyclists. J Sports Sci, 2008, 26 (3), 277-286, doi: 10.1080/0264041 0701501697.[WoS][Crossref]
• 20. Kyle C.R., The effect of crosswinds upon time trials. Cycling Sci, 1991, 3(3-4), 51-56.
• 21. Morkeberg J.S., Belhage B., Damsgaard R., Changes in blood values in elite cyclist. Int J Sports Med, 2009, 30 (2), 130-138, doi: 10.1055/s-2008-1038842.[WoS][Crossref][PubMed]
• 22. Abbiss C.R., Laursen P.B., Models to explain fatigue during prolonged endurance cycling. Sports Med, 2005, 35 (10), 865-898.[Crossref][PubMed]
• 23. Lucia A., Joyos H., Chicharro J.L., Physiological response to professional road cycling: climbers vs. time trialists. Int J Sports Med, 2000, 21 (7), 505-512, doi: 10.1055/s-2000-7420.[PubMed][Crossref]
• 24. Weston A.R., Myburgh K.H., Lindsay F.H., Dennis S.C., Noakes T.D., Hawley J.A., Skeletal muscle buffering capacity and endurance performance after high-intensity interval training by well-trained cyclists. Eur J Appl PhysiolOccup Physiol, 1997, 75 (1), 7-13, doi: 10.1007/s00421 0050119.[Crossref]
• 25. Boning D., Klarholz C., Himmelsbach B., Hutler M., Maassen N., Extracellular bicarbonate and non-bicarbonate buffering against lactic acid during and after exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol, 2007, 100 (4), 457-467, doi: 10.1007/ s00421-007-0453-4.[Crossref][WoS]
• 26. Boning D., Rojas J., Serrato M., Reyes O., Coy L., Mora M., Extracellular pH defense against lactic acid in untrained and trained altitude residents. Eur J Appl Physiol, 2008, 103 (2), 127-137, 10.1007/s00421-008-0675-0. [WoS]

Identifiers

DOI

10.2478/humo-2013-0018