Full-text resources of PSJD and other databases are now available in the new Library of Science.
Visit https://bibliotekanauki.pl

PL EN


Preferences help
enabled [disable] Abstract
Number of results
2015 | 23 | 1 | 45-59

Article title

Neurostimulation, neuromodulation, and the treatment of epilepsies

Content

Title variants

Languages of publication

EN

Abstracts

EN
Introduction. Neurostimulation and neuromodulation are techniques that may be able to affect the course of epilepsy. In the last 20 years, since the approval of VNS, we have observed a surge of studies assessing the potential of other devices and techniques for the treatment of pharmacoresistant epilepsies including deep brain stimulation (DBS), responsive neurostimulation (RNS), trigeminal nerve stimulation (TNS), transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS). Are these devices and techniques simply another treatment option that can be offered to patients with epilepsy or do they offer specific advantages when compared to the standard antiepileptic drugs (AEDs)?Aim. The aim of this review is to present the neurostimulation and neuromodulation devices and techniques that are now in use, or at least available for testing and to discuss the science behind them, their applications, efficacy, potential risks vs. benefits and, above all, how to navigate the choices so clinicians are able to provide their patients with the best possible option for the treatment of epilepsy.Material and methods. We analyzed PubMed and MEDLINE databases to select the most salient and recent (up to November 2014) publications on each treatment device. In addition to these searches bibliographies of selected articles were hand-searched for possible sources.Discussion and conclusions. Great progress in neurostimulation and neuromodulation has been made over the last two decades with 2 devices (VNS, RNS) approved for the treatment of epilepsy in the US and three (DBS in addition to VNS and RNS) in Europe. The future of neuromodulation/neurostimulation is exciting – various studies and efforts are underway and will provide us with more data in the future. There appears to be one clear advantage of these treatments/devices over the AEDs that is consistently noted – routinely observed is continuous improvement in seizure control over time. This is something that the AEDs have thus far failed to deliver.

Keywords

EN

Publisher

Year

Volume

23

Issue

1

Pages

45-59

Physical description

Dates

published
1 - 6 - 2015
online
16 - 5 - 2015
received
5 - 11 - 2014
accepted
9 - 1 - 2015

Contributors

  • Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
  • Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
author
  • Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
  • UAB Epilepsy Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
  • Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
  • UAB Epilepsy Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA

References

  • Agur A.M.R. and Dalley A. F.:Grant’s atlas of anatomy. Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2009.
  • Aihua L., Lu S., Liping L., Xiuru W., Hua L., Yuping W.:A controlled trial of transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation for the treatment of pharmocoresistant epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav., 2014, 39: 105–110.[Crossref]
  • Annegers J. F., Hauser W.A., Elveback L.R.:Remission of seizures and relapse in patients with epilepsy. Epilepsia, 1979, 20: 729–737.[PubMed][Crossref]
  • Afshar P., Khambhati A., Stanslaski S., Carlson D., Jensen R., Linde D. et al.:A translational platform for prototyping closed-loop neuromodulation systems. Front Neural. Circuits, 2013, 6: 117.
  • Allendorpher J.B. and Szaflarski J.P.:Physiologic and cortical responses to acute psychosocial stress in left temporal lobe epilepsy: Response to a biochemical evaluation. Epilepsy Behav., 2014, October, 08, 2014, doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2014.08.018.[Crossref]
  • Ardolino G., Bossi B., Barbieri S., Priori A.:Non-synaptic mechanisms underlie the after-effects of cathodal transcutaneous direct current stimulation of the human brain. J. Physiol., 2005, 568: 653–663.
  • Auvichayapat N., Rotenberg A., Gersner R., Ngodklang S., Tiamkao S., Tassaneeyakul W. et al.:Transcranial direct current stimulation for treatment of refractory childhood focal epilepsy. Brain Stimul., 2013, 6: 696–700.[Crossref][PubMed]
  • Bae E. H., Schrader L. M., Machii K., Alonso-Alonso M., Riviello J. J., Jr., Pascual-Leone A. et al.:Safety and tolerability of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with epilepsy: A review of the literature. Epilepsy Behav., 2007, 10: 521–528.[Crossref][PubMed]
  • Bae E. H., Theodore W. H., Fregni F., Cantello R., Pascual-Leone A., Rotenberg A.:An estimate of placebo effect of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav., 2011, 20: 355–359.[Crossref][PubMed]
  • Barkley G. L., Smith B., Bergey G., Worrell G., Chabolla D., Drazkowski J. et al.:Safety and Preliminary Efficacy of the RNS Responsive Neurostimulator for the Treatment of Intractable Epilepsy in Adults. Epilepsia, 2006, 47: S4-S5.
  • Been G., Ngo T. T., Miller S. M., Fitzgerald P. B.:The use of tdcs and cvs as methods of non-invasive brain stimulation. Brain Research Reviews, 2007, 56: 346–361.[Crossref][PubMed]
  • Ben-Menachem E.:Neurostimulation-past, present, and beyond. Epilepsy Curr., 2012, 12: 188–191.[Crossref]
  • Ben-Menachem E. and Krauss G. L.:Epilepsy: Responsive neurostimulation-modulating the epileptic brain. Nat. Rev. Neurol., 2014, 10: 247–248.[Crossref]
  • Ben-Menachem E., Manon-Espaillat R., Ristanovic R., Wilder B. J., Stefan H., Mirza W. et al.:Vagus nerve stimulation for treatment of partial seizures: 1. A controlled study of effect on seizures. First international vagus nerve stimulation study group. Epilepsia, 1994, 35: 616–626.
  • Berenyi A., Belluscio M., Mao D., Buzsaki G.:Closed-loop control of epilepsy by transcranial electrical stimulation. Science, 2012, 337: 735–737.[PubMed][Crossref]
  • Boon P., Vonck K., Van Walleghem P., D’have M., Caemaert J., De Reuck J.:Vagus nerve stimulation for epilepsy, clinical efficacy of programmed and magnet stimulation. Acta Neurochir., 2002, 79, Suppl.: 93–98.
  • Boylan L.S., Flint L. A., Labovitz D.L., Jackson S.C., Starner K., Devinsky O.:Depression but not seizure frequency predicts quality of life in treatment-resistant epilepsy. Neurology, 2004, 62: 258–261.[Crossref][PubMed]
  • Callaghan B., Schlesinger M., Rodemer W., Pollard J., Hesdorffer D., Allen Hauser W. et al.:Remission and relapse in a drug-resistant epilepsy population followed prospectively. Epilepsia, 2011, 52: 619–626.[Crossref]
  • Chae J.H., Nahas Z., Lomarev M., Denslow S., Lorberbaum J.P., Bohning D.E. et al.:A review of functional neuroimaging studies of vagus nerve stimulation (vns). J. Psychiatr. Res., 2003, 37: 443–455.[Crossref]
  • Chase M.H., Nakamura Y., Clemente C.D., Sterman M.B.:Afferent vagal stimulation: Neurographic correlates of induced eeg synchronization and desynchronization. Brain Res., 1967, 5: 236–249.[Crossref][PubMed]
  • Cockerell O.C., Johnson A. L., Sander J.W., Hart Y.M., Shorvon S.D.:Remission of epilepsy: Results from the national general practice study of epilepsy. Lancet, 1995, 346: 140–144.[Crossref][PubMed]
  • Cooper I. S., Amin I., Gilman S.:The effect of chronic cerebellar stimulation upon epilepsy in man. Trans. Am. Neurol. Assoc., 1973, 98: 192–196.[PubMed]
  • Cooper I.S., Upton A.R., Amin I.:Reversibility of chronic neurologic deficits. Some effects of electrical stimulation of the thalamus and internal capsule in man. Appl. Neurophysiol., 1980, 43: 244–258.[PubMed]
  • Degiorgio C.M., Fanselow E.E., Schrader L.M., Cook I.A.:Trigeminal nerve stimulation: Seminal animal and human studies for epilepsy and depression. Neurosurg. Clin. N. Am., 2011, 22: 449–456.[PubMed][Crossref]
  • Degiorgio C. M. and Krahl S. E.:Neurostimulation for drugresistant epilepsy. Continuum (Minneap Minn), 2013, 19: 743–755.
  • Degiorgio C.M., Murray D., Markovic D., Whitehurst T.:Trigeminal nerve stimulation for epilepsy: Long-term feasibility and efficacy. Neurology, 2009, 72: 936–938.[PubMed][Crossref]
  • Degiorgio C.M., Shewmon A., Murray D., Whitehurst T.:Pilot study of trigeminal nerve stimulation (tns) for epilepsy: A proof-of-concept trial. Epilepsia, 2006, 47: 1213–1215.[PubMed][Crossref]
  • Degiorgio C.M., Soss J., Cook I.A., Markovic D., Gornbein J., Murray D. et al.:Randomized controlled trial of trigeminal nerve stimulation for drug-resistant epilepsy. Neurology, 2013, 80: 786–791.[Crossref][PubMed]
  • Di Lazzaro V., Ziemann U., Lemon R.N.:State of the art: Physiology of transcranial motor cortex stimulation. Brain Stimul., 2008, 1: 345–362.[Crossref][PubMed]
  • Elger G., Hoppe C., Falkai P., Rush A.J., Elger C.E.:Vagus nerve stimulation is associated with mood improvements in epilepsy patients. Epilepsy Res., 2000, 42: 203–210.[Crossref][PubMed]
  • Epstein C.M., Schwartzberg D.G., Davey K.R., Sudderth D.B.:Localizing the site of magnetic brain stimulation in humans. Neurology, 1990, 40: 666–670.[PubMed][Crossref]
  • Fanselow E.E.:Central mechanisms of cranial nerve stimulation for epilepsy. Surg. Neurol. Int., 2012, 3: S247–S254.[Crossref]
  • Fanselow E.E., Reid A.P., Nicolelis M.A.:Reduction of pentylenetetrazole-induced seizure activity in awake rats by seizuretriggered trigeminal nerve stimulation. J. Neurosci., 2000, 20: 8160–8168.
  • Fisher R., Salanova V., Witt T., Worth R., Henry T., Gross R. et al.:Electrical stimulation of the anterior nucleus of thalamus for treatment of refractory epilepsy. Epilepsia, 2010, 51: 899–908.[Crossref][PubMed]
  • Fisher R.S.:Benefits of trigeminal nerve stimulation. Epilepsy Behav., 2011, 22: 615–616.[PubMed][Crossref]
  • Fisher R.S.:Therapeutic devices for epilepsy. Ann. Neurol., 2012, 71: 157–168.[Crossref][PubMed]
  • Fisher R.S. and Velasco A.L.:Electrical brain stimulation for epilepsy. Nat. Rev. Neurol., 2014, 10: 261–270.[Crossref][PubMed]
  • Fountas K.N., Smith J. R., Murro A.M., Politsky J., Park Y.D., Jenkins P.D.:Implantation of a closed-loop stimulation in the management of medically refractory focal epilepsy: A technical note. Stereotact. Funct. Neurosurg., 2005, 83: 153–158.[Crossref][PubMed]
  • Franaszczuk P.J., Kudela P., Bergey G.K.:External excitatory stimuli can terminate bursting in neural network models. Epilepsy Res., 2003, 53: 65–80.[PubMed][Crossref]
  • Fregni F., Otachi P.T., Do Valle A., Boggio P. S., Thut G., Rigonatti S.P. et al.:A randomized clinical trial of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with refractory epilepsy. Ann. Neurol., 2006, 60: 447–455.[Crossref][PubMed]
  • Fregni F., Thome-Souza S., Nitsche M.A., Freedman S.D., Valente K.D., Pascual-Leone A.:A controlled clinical trial of cathodal dc polarization in patients with refractory epilepsy. Epilepsia, 2006, 47: 335–342.[PubMed][Crossref]
  • George R., Salinsky M., Kuzniecky R., Rosenfeld W., Bergen D., Tarver W.B. et al.:Vagus nerve stimulation for treatment of partial seizures: 3. Long-term follow-up on first 67 patients exiting a controlled study. First international vagus nerve stimulation study group. Epilepsia, 1994, 35: 637–643.[Crossref]
  • Graber K.D., Fisher R.S.:Deep brain stimulation for epilepsy: Animal models. In: J.L. Noebels, M. Avoli, M.A. Rogawski, R.W. Olsen, A.V. Delgado-Escueta (eds), Jasper’s basic mechanisms of the epilepsies. 4th. Bethesda (MD) 2012.
  • Gurbani S.G., Mittal M., Gurbani N., Koulouris S., Choi S.., Chayasirisobhon S.:Eficacy of rapid cycling vagus nerve stimulation in pharmaco-resistant epilepsy. Neurol. Asia., 2004, 9 (S1): 131.
  • Halpern C.H., Samadani U., Litt B., Jaggi J. L., Baltuch G.H.:Deep brain stimulation for epilepsy. In: E.S.K.H.P.R. Rezai (eds), Neuromodulation. Academic Press, San Diego 2009, 639–649.[Crossref]
  • Handforth A., Degiorgio C.M., Schachter S.C., Uthman B.M., Naritoku D.K., Tecoma E.S. et al.:Vagus nerve stimulation therapy for partial-onset seizures: A randomized active-control trial. Neurology, 1998, 51: 48–55.[Crossref][PubMed]
  • Harden C.L., Pulver M. C., Ravdin L.D., Nikolov B., Halper J.P., Labar D.R.:A pilot study of mood in epilepsy patients treated with vagus nerve stimulation. Epilepsy. Behav., 2000, 1: 93–99.[Crossref][PubMed]
  • Hassan A., Al-Quliti K.W.:Neurostimulation. A promising therapeutic option for medically refractory epilepsy. Neurosciences (Riyadh), 2014, 19: 4–10.
  • Heck C.N., King-Stephens D., Massey A.D., Nair D.R., Jobst B.C., Barkley G.L. et al.:Two-year seizure reduction in adults with medically intractable partial onset epilepsy treated with responsive neurostimulation: Final results of the rns system pivotal trial. Epilepsia, 2014, 55: 432–441.[Crossref]
  • Hodaie M., Wennberg R.A., Dostrovsky J.O., Lozano A.M.:Chronic anterior thalamus stimulation for intractable epilepsy. Epilepsia, 2002, 43: 603–608.[Crossref][PubMed]
  • Houdayer E., Degardin A., Cassim F., Bocquillon P., Derambure P., Devanne H.:The effects of low- and high-frequency repetitive tms on the input/output properties of the human corticospinal pathway. Exp. Brain. Res., 2008, 187: 207–217.
  • Jacoby A., Baker G.A., Steen N., Potts P., Chadwick D.W.:The clinical course of epilepsy and its psychosocial correlates: Findings from a U.K. Community study. Epilepsia, 1996, 37: 148–161.[PubMed][Crossref]
  • Jennum P. and Klitgaard H.:Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulations of the rat. Effect of acute and chronic stimulations on pentylenetetrazole-induced clonic seizures. Epilepsy Res., 1996, 23: 115–122.[PubMed][Crossref]
  • Kayyali H. and Durand D.:Effects of applied currents on epileptiform bursts in vitro. Exp. Neurol., 1991, 113: 249–254.[PubMed][Crossref]
  • Kerrigan J.F., Litt B., Fisher R.S., Cranstoun S., French J.A., Blum D.E. et al.:Electrical stimulation of the anterior nucleus of the thalamus for the treatment of intractable epilepsy. Epilepsia, 2004, 45: 346–354.[PubMed][Crossref]
  • Kimiskidis V.K., Valentin A., Kalviainen R.:Transcranial magnetic stimulation for the diagnosis and treatment of epilepsy. Curr. Opin. Neurol., 2014, 27: 236–241.[PubMed][Crossref]
  • Klinkenberg S., Majoie H.J., Van Der Heijden M.M., Rijkers K., Leenen L., Aldenkamp A.P.:Vagus nerve stimulation has a positive effect on mood in patients with refractory epilepsy. Clin. Neurol. Neurosurg, 2012, 114: 336–340.[Crossref]
  • Krahl S.E., Clark K.B., Smith D.C., Browning R.A.:Locus coeruleus lesions suppress the seizure-attenuating effects of vagus nerve stimulation. Epilepsia, 1998, 39: 709–714.[PubMed][Crossref]
  • Kwan P., Arzimanoglou A., Berg A.T., Brodie M.J., Allen Hauser W., Mathern G. et al.:Definition of drug resistant epilepsy: Consensus proposal by the ad hoc task force of the ilae commission on therapeutic strategies. Epilepsia, 2010, 51: 1069–1077.[Crossref][PubMed]
  • Kwan P. and Brodie M.J.:Early identification of refractory epilepsy. N. Engl. J. Med., 2000, 342: 314–319.[Crossref]
  • Labar D., Dakov P., Kobylarz E., Nikolov B., Schwartz T.H., Fisher S.:Effects of responsive electrical brain stimulation on intracranial electroencephalogram spikes. Neuromodulation, 2013, 16: 355–361; discussion 362.[Crossref]
  • Lefaucheur J. P., Andre-Obadia N., Antal A., Ayache S.S., Baeken C., Benninger D.H. et al.:Evidence-based guidelines on the therapeutic use of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rtms). Clin. Neurophysiol., 2014, 125 (11): 2150-2206. doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2014.05.021.[Crossref]
  • Lesser R.P., Kim S.H., Beyderman L., Miglioretti D.L., Webber W.R., Bare M. et al.:Brief bursts of pulse stimulation terminate afterdischarges caused by cortical stimulation. Neurology, 1999, 53: 2073–2081.[Crossref][PubMed]
  • Liebetanz D., Klinker F., Hering D., Koch R., Nitsche M.A., Potschka H. et al.:Anticonvulsant effects of transcranial direct-current stimulation (tdcs) in the rat cortical ramp model of focal epilepsy. Epilepsia, 2006, 47: 1216–1224.[Crossref][PubMed]
  • Liebetanz D., Nitsche M.A., Tergau F., Paulus W.:Pharmacological approach to the mechanisms of transcranial dc-stimulation-induced after-effects of human motor cortex excitability. Brain, 2002, 125: 2238–2247.[Crossref]
  • Liu C., Wen X. W., Ge Y., Chen N., Hu W.H., Zhang T. et al.:Responsive neurostimulation for the treatment of medically intractable epilepsy. Brain Res Bull, 2013, 97: 39–47.[PubMed][Crossref]
  • Mclachlan R.S.:Suppression of interictal spikes and seizures by stimulation of the vagus nerve. Epilepsia, 1993, 34: 918–923.[Crossref][PubMed]
  • Miranda P.C., Lomarev M., Hallett M.:Modeling the current distribution during transcranial direct current stimulation. Clin. Neurophysiol., 2006, 117: 1623–1629.[PubMed][Crossref]
  • Montgomery E.B., Jr., Baker K.B.:Mechanisms of deep brain stimulation and future technical developments. Neurol. Res., 2000, 22: 259–266.[PubMed]
  • Morrell M.:Brain stimulation for epilepsy: Can scheduled or responsive neurostimulation stop seizures? Curr. Opin. Neurol., 2006, 19: 164–168.[PubMed][Crossref]
  • Morrell M.J. and Group R.N.S.S.I.E.S.:Responsive cortical stimulation for the treatment of medically intractable partial epilepsy. Neurology, 2011, 77: 1295–1304.[Crossref][PubMed]
  • Morris G. L., 3rd, Gloss D., Buchhalter J., Mack K.J., Nickels K., Harden C.:Evidence-based guideline update: Vagus nerve stimulation for the treatment of epilepsy: Report of the guideline development subcommittee of the american academy of neurology. Neurology, 2013, 81: 1453–1459.
  • Nakagawa M., Durand D.:Suppression of spontaneous epileptiform activity with applied currents. Brain Res., 1991, 567: 241–247.[Crossref][PubMed]
  • Nitsche M.A., Doemkes S., Karakose T., Antal A., Liebetanz D., Lang N. et al.:Shaping the effects of transcranial direct current stimulation of the human motor cortex. J. Neurophysiol., 2007, 97: 3109–3117.[Crossref]
  • Nitsche M.A. and Paulus W.:Excitability changes induced in the human motor cortex by weak transcranial direct current stimulation. J. Physiol., 2000, 527 Pt 3: 633–639.
  • Nitsche M.A. and Paulus W.:Noninvasive brain stimulation protocols in the treatment of epilepsy: Current state and perspectives. Neurotherapeutics., 2009, 6: 244–250.[PubMed][Crossref]
  • Nitsche M.A., Seeber A., Frommann K., Klein C.C., Rochford C., Nitsche M.S. et al.:Modulating parameters of excitability during and after transcranial direct current stimulation of the human motor cortex. J. Physiol., 2005, 568: 291–303.[PubMed]
  • Pascual-Leone A., Tormos J.M., Keenan J., Tarazona F., Canete C., Catala M.D.:Study and modulation of human cortical excitability with transcranial magnetic stimulation. J. Clin. Neurophysiol., 1998, 15: 333–343.[Crossref]
  • Penfield W. and Jasper H.H.:Epilepsy and the functional anatomy of the human brain. Little, Boston 1954, 266–267.
  • Pop J., Murray D., Markovic D., Degiorgio C.M.:Acute and long-term safety of external trigeminal nerve stimulation for drug-resistant epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav., 2011, 22: 574–576.[PubMed][Crossref]
  • Poreisz C., Boros K., Antal A., Paulus W.:Safety aspects of transcranial direct current stimulation concerning healthy subjects and patients. Brain Res. Bull., 2007, 72: 208–214.[Crossref][PubMed]
  • Psatta D.M.:Control of chronic experimental focal epilepsy by feedback caudatum stimulations. Epilepsia, 1983, 24: 444–454.[Crossref]
  • Reutens D.C., Berkovic S. F., Macdonell R.A., Bladin P.F.:Magnetic stimulation of the brain in generalized epilepsy: Reversal of cortical hyperexcitability by anticonvulsants. Ann. Neurol., 1993, 34: 351–355.[Crossref][PubMed]
  • Ricardo J.A. and Koh E.T.:Anatomical evidence of direct projections from the nucleus of the solitary tract to the hypothalamus, amygdala, and other forebrain structures in the rat. Brain. Res., 1978, 153: 1–26.[Crossref]
  • Rossini P.M., Barker A.T., Berardelli A., Caramia M.D., Caruso G., Cracco R.Q. et al.:Non-invasive electrical and magnetic stimulation of the brain, spinal cord and roots: Basic principles and procedures for routine clinical application. Report of an ifcn committee. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol., 1994, 91: 79–92.[PubMed][Crossref]
  • Rutecki P.:Anatomical, physiological, and theoretical basis for the antiepileptic effect of vagus nerve stimulation. Epilepsia, 1990, 31, Suppl. 2: S1–S6.[Crossref]
  • Saper C.B., Kibbe M.R., Hurley K.M., Spencer S., Holmes H.R., Leahy K.M. et al.:Brain natriuretic peptide-like immunoreactive innervation of the cardiovascular and cerebrovascular systems in the rat. Circ. Res., 1990, 67: 1345–1354.[Crossref][PubMed]
  • Shah A., Jhawar S.S., Goel A.:Analysis of the anatomy of the papez circuit and adjoining limbic system by fiber dissection techniques. J. Clin. Neurosci., 2012, 19: 289–298.[Crossref]
  • So N.K., Cole A. J., Tandon N., Slater J.D., Smith M.C.:Neurostimulation for the treatment of epilepsy: The skeptical view. Neurology, 2014, 83: 847–849.[PubMed][Crossref]
  • Sohal V.S. and Sun F.T.:Responsive neurostimulation suppresses synchronized cortical rhythms in patients with epilepsy. Neurosurg. Clin. N. Am., 2011, 22: 481–488, vi.[Crossref]
  • Stefan H., Kreiselmeyer G., Kerling F., Kurzbuch K., Rauch C., Heers M. et al.:Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation (t-VNS) in pharmacoresistant epilepsies: A proof of concept trial. Epilepsia, 53: 115–118.[Crossref]
  • Sun F.T., Morrell M.J., Wharen R.E., Jr.:Responsive cortical stimulation for the treatment of epilepsy. Neurotherapeutics, 2008, 5: 68–74.[Crossref][PubMed]
  • Sun W., Mao W., Meng X., Wang D., Qiao L., Tao W. et al.:Low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for the treatment of refractory partial epilepsy: A controlled clinical study. Epilepsia, 2012, 53: 1782–1789.[PubMed][Crossref]
  • Szaflarski M., Meckler J.M., Privitera M.D., Szaflarski J.P.:Quality of life in medication-resistant epilepsy: The effects of patient’s age, age at seizure onset, and disease duration. Epilepsy Behav., 2006, 8: 547–551.[Crossref]
  • Tassinari C.A., Cincotta M., Zaccara G., Michelucci R.:Transcranial magnetic stimulation and epilepsy. Clin. Neurophysiol., 2003, 114: 777–798.[Crossref]
  • Tergau F., Naumann U., Paulus W., Steinhoff B.J.:Low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation improves intractable epilepsy. Lancet, 1999, 353: 2209.
  • Theodore W.H., Hunter K., Chen R., Vega-Bermudez F., Boroojerdi B., Reeves-Tyer P. et al.:Transcranial magnetic stimulation for the treatment of seizures: A controlled study. Neurology, 2002, 59: 560–562.[Crossref]
  • Thompson E. M., Wozniak S.E., Roberts C.M., Kao A., Anderson V.C., Selden N.R.:Vagus nerve stimulation for partial and generalized epilepsy from infancy to adolescence. J. Neurosurg. Pediatr., 2012, 10: 200–205.[Crossref]
  • Thurman D.J., Beghi E., Begley C.E., Berg A.T., Buchhalter J.R., Ding D. et al.:Standards for epidemiologic studies and surveillance of epilepsy. Epilepsia, 2011, 52, Suppl. 7: 2–26.[PubMed][Crossref]
  • Uthman B.M., Wilder B.J., Hammond E.J., Reid S.A.:Efficacy and safety of vagus nerve stimulation in patients with complex partial seizures. Epilepsia, 1990, 31, Suppl. 2: S44–S50.[Crossref]
  • Uthman B.M., Wilder B. J., Penry J.K., Dean C., Ramsay R.E., Reid S.A. et al.:Treatment of epilepsy by stimulation of the vagus nerve. Neurology, 1993, 43: 1338–1345.[PubMed][Crossref]
  • Vonck K., Dedeurwaerdere S., De Groote L., Thadani V., Claeys P., Gossiaux F. et al.:Generator replacement in epilepsy patients treated with vagus nerve stimulation. Seizure, 2005, 14: 89–99.[PubMed][Crossref]
  • Warren R.J. and Durand D.M.:Effects of applied currents on spontaneous epileptiform activity induced by low calcium in the rat hippocampus. Brain Res., 1998, 806: 186–195.
  • Weiss S.R., Li X. L., Rosen J.B., Li H., Heynen T., Post R.M.:Quenching: Inhibition of development and expression of amygdala kindled seizures with low frequency stimulation. Neuroreport, 1995, 6: 2171–2176.[PubMed][Crossref]
  • Wiebe S., Blume W.T., Girvin J.P., Eliasziw M., Effectiveness and Efficiency of Surgery for Temporal Lobe Epilepsy Study G.:A randomized, controlled trial of surgery for temporal-lobe epilepsy. N. Engl. J. Med., 2001, 345: 311–318.[Crossref]
  • Zanchetti A., Wang S.C., Moruzzi G.:The effect of vagal afferent stimulation on the eeg pattern of the cat. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol., 1952, 4: 357–361.[PubMed][Crossref]

Document Type

Publication order reference

Identifiers

YADDA identifier

bwmeta1.element.-psjd-doi-10_1515_joepi-2015-0022
JavaScript is turned off in your web browser. Turn it on to take full advantage of this site, then refresh the page.