Pre-
performance routines followed by free throw shooting accuracy in secondary basketball players

• Authors: Ashley Phelps , Pamela Kulinna
• Languages of publication: EN

Abstracts

EN

Study aim: The purpose of the current study was to determine whether existing pre-performance routines had an effect on free throw shooting accuracy in high school pupils as compared to shooting without a pre-performance routine. Materials and methods: Participants were 34 freshman high school basketball players. Twenty male (n = 20) and fourteen female (n = 14) of various ethnic backgrounds were randomly assigned to a condition and were asked to implement a pre-performance routine in one condition and a non-pre-performance routine in another condition for free throw shooting. A within subjects crossover design was used to analyse the data based on a pre-performance routine and a non-pre-performance routine framework. The pre-performance routine conditions were considered the experimental conditions. A Missed-Made Shots table was used to track performance (miss-made shots) for the shots in both conditions. Results: There were differences between the experimental condition (pre-performance routine) and the comparison condition (non-pre-performance routine) Z(22) = –4.61, p < 0.01 with the experimental condition’s median scores out-performing the comparison condition scores; however the differences were very small. Conclusions: These findings suggest that there were differences between the experimental condition (pre-performance routine) and the comparison condition (non-pre-performance routine). Results suggest that there may be additional relevant factors in addition to pre-performance routines that should be considered in helping youth develop closed motor skills (e.g., mental imagery, physical exertion, outside factors – audience).

Keywords

EN

Pre-performance; Free throw; Routine; Non-routine; Closed-skill

• Publisher: Versita
• Journal: Biomedical Human Kinetics
• Year: 2015
• Volume: 7
• Issue: 1

Dates

online

18 - 12 - 2015

Contributors

author

Ashley Phelps

• Doctoral Student, College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, USA

author

Pamela Kulinna

• Arizona State University, USA

References

• 1. Baines D., Foster D.J., Weigand D.A. (2006) The effect of removing superstitious behaviour and introducing a pre-performance routine on basketball free throw performance. J. Appl. Sport Psychol., 18: 167-171.
• 2. Barr K.A., Hall C.R., Rodgers W.M. (1990) The use of imagery by athletes in selected sports. Sport Psychol, 4: 1–10.
• 3. Bell R.J., Finch W.H., Whitaker Z. (2011) Duration of pre-performance routines of divers and performance outcomes. Sport J., 14: 1-8.
• 4. Boutcher S.H., Zinsser N.W. (1990) Cardiac deceleration of elite and beginning golfers during putting. J. Sport Exerc. Psychol., 12: 37-47.
• 5. Bull S.J., Heath B., Marlow C., Shambrook C.J. (1998) The use of a single case design to investigate the effect of a pre-performance routine on the water polo penalty shot. J. Sci. Med. Sport, 1(3): 143-155.
• 6. Cohn P.J. (1990) Preperformance routines in sport: Theoretical support and practical applications. Sport Psychol., 4: 301-312.
• 7. Collins D., Cotterill S., Sanders R. (2010) Developing effective pre-performance routines in golf: Why don’t we ask the golfer? J. Appl. Sport Psychol., 22: 51-64.
• 8. Cotterill S.T. (2011) Experiences of developing pre-performance routines with elite cricket players. J. Sport Psychol. Action, 2: 81-91.
• 9. Czech D.R., Ploszay A., Burke K.L. (2004) An examination of the maintenance of preshot routines in basketball free throw shooting. J. Sport Behav., 27: 323-329.
• 10. Davids K. (2006) Movement System Variability. Hum. Kinet., USA 86.
• 11. Gorohovsky J. (2009) Open sport (skills) vs closed sport (skills). Retrieved from: http://www.proz.com/kudoz/english_to_russian/sports_fitness_recreation/3139321-open_sports_skills_vs_closed_sports_skills.html
• 12. Gould D., Udry E. (1994) Psychological skills for enhancing performance: Arousal regulation strategies. Med. Sci. Sport Exerc., 26: 478-485.
• 13. Kim C.W., Lim Y.K., Woo B.H. (2007) Variability of basketball free throw. J. Biomech., 40: 1.
• 14. Lidor R., Mayan Z. (2005) Can beginning learners benefit from preperformance routines when serving in volleyball? Sport Psychol., 19: 343-363.
• 15. Lidor R., Singer R.N. (2000) Teaching preperformance routines to beginners. J. Phys. Educ. Recreat. Dance, 71(7): 34-36.
• 16. Lidor R., Singer R.N. (2003) Preperformance routines in self-paced tasks: Developmental and educational considerations. In: R. Lidor, K.P. Henschen (eds.), The psychology of team sports. Morgantown, WV: Fitness Information Technology, pp. 69–98.
• 17. Lola A., Tzetzis G., Zetou H. (2012) The effect of implicit and explicit practice in the development of decision making in volleyball serving. Percept. Mot. Skills, 114(2): 665-678.
• 18. Lonsdale C., Tam J.T.M. (2007) On the temporal and behavioural consistency of pre-performance routines: An intra-individual analysis of elite basketball players’ free throw shooting accuracy. J. Sports Sci., 26(3): 259-266.
• 19. Miller B. (1991) Mental preparation for competition. Sport psychology: A self help guide. The Crowood Press. 84-102.
• 20. Milton J., Solodkin A., Small S.L. (2007) The mind of expert motor performance is cool and focused. Neuroimage, 35: 804-813.
• 21. Moran A.P. (1996) The psychology of concentration in sport performers. Psychology Press, 34-40.
• 22. Moran A.P. (2004) Sport and exercise psychology: A critical introduction, 367-378.
• 23. Schmidt A. (2012) Movement pattern recognition in basketball free-throw shooting. Hum. Mov. Sci., 31: 360-382.
• 24. Singer R.N., Lidor R., Cauraugh J.H. (1993) To be aware or not aware? What to think about while learning and performing a motor skill. Sport Psychol., 7: 19-30.
• 25. Thelwell R.C., Weston N.J.V., Greenlees I.A. (2007) Batting on a sticky wicket: Identifying sources of stress and associated coping strategies for professional cricket batsmen. Psychol. Sport Exerc., 8: 219-232.
• 26. Travis F., Tecce J.J., Guttman J. (2002) Cortical plasticity, contingent negative variation, and transcendent experiences during practice of the Transcendental Meditation technique. Biol. Psychol., 55: 41-55.
• 27. Weinberg R.S., Gould D. (1995) Foundations of sport and exercise psychology, 34-51.
• 28. Wrisberg C.A., Pein R.L. (1992) The preshot interval and free throw shooting accuracy: An exploratory investigation. Sport Psychol., 6: 14-23.
• 29. Wulf G., Prinz W. (2001) Directing attention to movement effects enhances learning: A review. Psychon. Bull. Rev., 8: 648-660.

Identifiers

DOI

10.1515/bhk-2015-0025