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Źródła w dorzeczu Widawki

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EN
In this article the authors have presented the zones in which springs occur (fig. l). They have divided the researched springs into morphogenetic types and indicated a dependence of the different types of the spring water outflows upon height-intervals. The analysis shows that the springs with the biggest outflows of water are related to the abundance of underground water horizons (tab. l). The outflows selected from different types were researched in a physico-chemical way (tab. 2). From among the 10 springs examined in a physico-chemicaI way in 1996, six are typical outflows from the Quaternary deposits (points 1-6), two are supplied with water both from the Quaternary deposits and from the Jurassic ones (points 8 and 9) and the last two are typical outflows from the Jurassic limestones (points 7 and 10). The physico-chemical researches of the springs in the Widawka drainage basin have shown that the predominant physico-chemical types are: HCO]-S04-Ca, HCO]-Ca (tab. 2, 4, 5; fig. 3, 4). The spring water quality analysis has proved that in all the cases the standards for potable water and economic purposes established by the Ministry of Health were satisfying (tab. 6). The water quality classification made according to the rules suitable for the environmental
PL
Na podstawie przeprowadzonych obserwacji przeanalizowano położenie i morfologię nisz źródłowych, na tle budowy geologicznej zlewni Dzierżąznej. Opierając się na wynikach systematycznych pomiarów, obliczono również podstawowe charakterystyki wydajności źródeł, a także dokonano próby analizy powiązań między poszczególnymi źródłami a studniami, reprezentującymi drenowane przez nie zbiorniki wód podziemnych.
EN
In this article the authors have represented the introductory research results of the springs located in Dzierżązna drainage basin which touches the Grotniki-LuĆInierz sandr in the western part of the Łódź Upland margin zone. First of all, the location of the springs, their morphology and the output were subjected to an analysis. The springs can be found in the erosional undercuttings located at the dry valley mouths. They possess distinctly developed long shaped, steep scarped, 2-3 m deep spring niches with flat, strongly waterlogged bottoms (fig. 2). The discussion of the research material lets us state that the highest outputs and the low variability occur in the Ciosenka river springs - the left tributary of the Dzierżązna river. The contribution of the spring water in the total Ciosenka river runoff is about 57%. The Dzierżązna river springs are also characterized by the low variability but their output is much smaller (tab. l). Their contribution in the total Dzierżązna river runoff is hardly 20%. Different hydrogeological conditions result in the output differentiation of the described springs. The ground water draining in the spring niches of the nothern direction links to general land slope and to the aquifer horizon stratification. The surveys have revealed at least two-level spring alimentation. The upper aquifer horizon has an unconfined table (water flows towards outflows) and the lower one - confined table (in some springs a distinct pulsation can be observed).
EN
This article refers to "The Convention on the Protection of the Biological Variety" ratified by Poland in 1995. Its content directly concerns the geographical variety as the background of the water circulation process. The authors discuss the geological structure and the surface features as well as the changes of these elements of the enviroment as the many factors deciding about the surficial retention, infiltration and [Jltration rates, intensity and quantity of the immediate, or the underground runoIT. The object of interest is the Dzierźązna drainage basin - the exploration area of the Łódź University Department of Hydrology and Water Management which is in the western part of the northern Łódź Upland margin. This area is known for the thickest Pleistocene cover near Łódź. It is also the zone of numerous glacitectonic accumulations very diITerent lithologically, and the zone of Tertiaryand Quaternary covers. The character of the relief and the lithologic conditions in the basin (fig. 3 & 4) cause structure differentiations of the water circulation elements, the development of the river network, the thickness of the active change zone, etc. The Dzierżązna drainage basin because of its big spatial variability of the environmental conditions, has always been variously used and managed by people. The signs of this management, among others water dammings near mills and fulling-mills, clay workings, sandpits or gravelpits are still very distinct elements of the landscape and have their influence on the present water circulation in this area.
PL
Artykuł nawiązuje do ratyfIkowanej przez Polskę w 1995 r., Konwencji o ochronie różnorodności biologicznej, a jego treść dotyczy bezpośrednio georóżnorodllOści jako tła procesu obiegu wody. Wskazano na budowę geologiczną i rzeźbę terenu oraz na zmiany tych elementów środowiska - jako czynniki główne, decydujące o wielkości retencji powierzchniowej, tempie infIltracji i filtracji wód, natężeniu i wielkości odpływu bezpośredniego, jak też odpływu podziemnego. Przedmiotem zainteresowania jest zlewnia Dzierżąznej - zlewnia badawcza zakładu Hydrologii i Gospodarki Wodnej Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego. Znajduje się ona w zachodniej części północnej krawędzi Wyżyny Łódzkiej. Jest to obszar największych miąższości pokrywy plejstoceńskiej w okolicach Łodzi, a także strefa występowania licznych spiętrzeń glacitektonicznych, różnych litologicznie, osadów trzeciorzędowych i czwartorzędowych. SpecyfIka rzeźby i warunków litologicznych w zlewni powoduje zróżnicowanie struktury elementów bilansu wodnego, rozwoju sieci rzecznej, miąższości strefy aktywnej wymiany, itp. Zlewnia Dzierżąznej, ze względu na dużą zmienność przestrzenną warunków przyrodniczych, była i jest różnie zagospodarowywana i wykorzystywana przez ludność. Ślady tej działalności (m. in. w postaci stawów zaporowych po młynach i foluszach, wyrobisk po glinie, piaskowni i żwirowni) nadal są wyrażnym elementem krajobrazu, ponadto odciskają swoje piętno na współczesnym obiegu wody na tym terenie.
EN
The evaluation of the spring regime lets us characterize some hydrogeological features of the researched area and determine the influence of the so called point drainage on a layout and quantity of water which supplies the river network. It refers especially to the mountaineous areas. A good example is the metamorphic Śnieżnik Massif, where due to the lack of representative hydrogeological bore-holes a number of springs are the only sign of the underground water circulation. The hydrographical mapping of the researched area was carried out in July 1994. This period was characterized by an evident shortage of precipitations and by high temperatures of air. They researched the Wilczka drainage basin down to the Wilkanów profile and all the upper parts of the Nowinka, Domaszkowski Potok, Szklarka and Czarna Woda drainage basins (fig. 1). There were observed 212 natural underground water outflows there, of which 162 were real springs, 38 sapping springs and 12 bog-springs. The analysis of the observed spatial diversity of the underground water outflows was carried out basing on the elementary measures referred to the areas of the autochthonous and defTerenliated drainage basins. Those basic measures are: springability coefficient, spring water runofT modulus and the participation of the spring water in the combined runoff (fig. 2, 3, 4, 5). They noticed evident connections with relief, geology Le. characteristics of the underground water basins, drained by springs. The vertical diversity of the researched springs was examined either in the zonal height-intervals or actual altitude (precise fixing of an altitude) (fig. 6, 7, 8, 9). The quantity of the outflows and their features (temperature, yield) were estimated on the statistical characteristics of the studied series. There were not observed any very evident connections of the analyzed characteristics with an altitude. The authors observed a tendency to constitute height-intervals in which the character and the regime of the springs are similar. The causes for such a state should be searched in orographic and geological features, which are combined with the occurence of definite groups of outflows on the proper altitude.
PL
Artykuł zawiera wyniki badań dotyczące rozmieszczenia i właściwości źródeł w północno- -zachodniej części Masywu Śnieżnika. Ocenie poddano przestrzenne uporządkowanie badanych wypływów, prezentując wyniki obliczonych parametrów metodą dazymetryczną. Wskazano również na pionową (strefową) zmienność liczby i cech analizowanych źródeł.
EN
The paper contains a physical-geographical description of the Bełchatów Industrial District (Fig. 1). In samples taken from the Widawka River above the mine, from draining channels, and from the artificial and natural river beds, 448 taxa of algae were identified (Table 1). Shells of the following species of fossil algae were found in the samples: Actineptychus undulatus (Bail.) Ralfs, Thalassiosira antigua (Grun.) A. Cl. (Fig. 2) and Dictyocha fibula Ehr. (Fig. 3). A new for Poland diatom species was recorded: Surirella bifida A. Cl., found on stands 4 and 6 (Fig. 4).
PL
W pracy podano charakterystykę fizyczno-geograficzną Bełchatowskiego Okręgu Przemysłowego (rys. 1). W próbach pobranych z rzeki Widawki powyżej kopalni, z kanałów odwadniających, sztucznego koryta oraz naturalnego koryta rzeki Widawki zidentyfikowano 448 taksonów glonów (tab. 1). W próbach napotkano na skorupki następujących gatunków glonów kopalnych: Actlnoptychus undulatus (Bail.) Ralfs, Thalassioslra antigua (Grun.) A. Cl. (fot. 1), Dictyocha fibula Ehr. (fot. 2). Podano nowy dla Polski gatunek okrzemki: Surirella bifida A. Cl., która występowała na stanowisku 4 i 6 (fot. 3).
EN
Research on hydrological changes caused by man has been carried out in the Kręcica basin (A = 62 sq km), situated in the Bełchatów region (Fig. l). Three river gauges, a meteorological station, 8 precipitation stations and 9 groundwater observation wells were established within the study area. Hydrometeorological observations and measurements were carried out regularly and the groundwater level was checked once a week. In addition to basic hydrometeorological monitoring, the study involved: annual hydrographic mapping, preparation of lithological map with hydrogeological sections, regular flow rate measurement, examination of ground permeability and moinsture. The main aim of the study was to grasp moment of the changes in hydrological characteristics, especially of hydrographic network, griundwater and discharge. The research led to the establishment of a formula of water balance of a basin disturbed by man. The basic aim of the formula, was to pinpoint in water retention following the development of a cone of depression created by the brown coal mine in Bełchatów.The analyses presented in this paper indicate, that the changes are quantitave and concern retention in saturation zone and groundwater flow (Tab. l). The result also revealed the moment when a radical disturbance of the natural hydrological cycle in the study area occured. Analyses of climatological features (precipitation, evapotranspiration) have not indicated significant permanent changes. However a significal reduction has been identified when discharge, in particular groundwater discharge (Fig. 4) and a discharge coefficient (Fig. 5) were considered. Explicit changes of retention in saturation zone have also been found (Fig. 6). The results show that the 1983 was crucial in the functioning of the basin. This conclusion has been confirmed by doubly mass curves of annual precipitation and total flow and groundwater flow (Fig. 7). It has been found that decrease in flow caused changes of inclination of the curves. Natural structure precipitation, flow water losses and retention have been replaced by a pattern created by intemtional human activity. The mine drainage, has led to the lowering of groundwater levels and to the development of cone of depression. The cone of depression is increasing gradually and comprises a growing part ofthe Kręcica basin (8-9% in 1980---1982, 30% in 1990). It has led to changes of ground and surface alimentation of watercourses and has caused water escape from river channels. Most of the study area has become one withought surface and groundwater flow. The hydrological changes caused by the mining enterprise, and presented here, are certainly not complete. It should be stressed that the changes are continuing and althought their direction is known, the effects cannot be predicted accurately.
PL
W artykule autorzy zmierzają do przedstawienia wpływu antropopresji na mechanizm obiegu wody w zlewni K.ręcicy. Ukazano kierunki i siłę zmian warunków wodnych w latach 1981-1989. Szczegółowej analizie poddano zmiany sieci hydrograficznej, wód podziemnych i odpływu. Podjęto również próbę analizy bilansu wodnego zlewni. Przeprowadzone badania dowiodły, że wyrażna zmiana w sposobie obiegu wody w zlewni nastąpiła w 1983 r. Należy zatem uznać, iż od tego momentu charakter krążenia wody w dorzeczu istotnie zależy od działalności człowieka.
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