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Critical Comparison between the Pulsed Electric Field and Thermal Decontamination Methods of Hospital Wastewater

100%
Gusbeth C., Frey W., Schwartz T., Rieder A.
Acta Physica Polonica A
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2009
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vol. 115
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issue 6
1092-1094
EN
Filtered wastewater samples were inoculated with Enterococcus faecium and exposed to different pulsed electric field (PEF) treatment energies at 40, 50 and 60°C. A lethal effect of heat treatment on E. faecium can be observed for T > 56°C and a heating duration of 4 min. A treatment with 60°C, 4 min, provokes a bacterial reduction of 4 log. A combined treatment of inoculated wastewater samples with pulsed electric field and heat (40, 50 and 60°C) reduced the bacterial contamination considerably. At a suspension temperature of 60°C pulsed electric field inactivation resulted in a complete bacterial decontamination (8 log reduction rate). Moreover, it was demonstrated that naturally occurring nuclease activities were not changed by the pulsed electric field treatment. In contrast to a thermal treatment with temperature over 72°C, for 4 min., the nuclease activity was reduced up to 90%. In this case, inactivation is only 4 log. The same inactivation rate can be obtained by a combination of heat treatment (60°C) and pulsed electric field treatment (30 J/ml).
2
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Gas-Insulated Self-Breakdown Spark Gaps: Aspects on Low-Scattering and Long-Lifetime Switching

100%
Frey W., Sack M., Wuestner R., Mueller G.
Acta Physica Polonica A
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2009
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vol. 115
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issue 6
1016-1018
EN
The influence of the electric field distribution between the electrodes and the seed electron generation rate on the scattering of the breakdown voltage of SF_{6}-insulated spark gaps was investigated. The breakdown voltage scattering considerably can be reduced by applying large-gap-volume, uniform-field electrode profiles instead of spherical shaped electrodes. Moreover, uniform field electrode profiles exhibit an uniform discharge probability in the entire gap volume and following an almost uniform erosion of electrode material along the electrode's surface. This preserves electrode shape and switching performance of the spark gap for a long maintenance-free lifetime. Breakdown voltage scattering further can be reduced by increasing the seed electron generation in the gap by an auxiliary corona discharge adjacent to the main gap. The experimental observations are discussed on the basis of the volume time law for discharge initiation.
3
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Upgrade of the Electroporation Device KEA-MOBIL

76%
Sack M., Attmann F., Stängle R., Wolf A., Frey W., Müller G.
Acta Physica Polonica A
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2009
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vol. 115
|
issue 6
1081-1083
EN
For the production of synthetic bio-fuel the use of green biomass enables additional resources of raw material supplementary to the commonly used dry material. An electroporation assisted drying process gives the opportunity of a more efficient dewatering than only pressing and subsequent drying. Experiments showed a lower relative humidity of the pressed material after electroporation compared to pressing the raw material only. Moreover, the drying process of the electroporated material was much shorter. This is because the pores formed in the cell membranes foster a better extraction of water during pressing and enhance the diffusion process during the drying process. The paper presents exemplarily the experimental results for green rye. For the electroporation-assisted drying process the electric contact to the plant material has to be established by means of the juice inside the plants only rather than adding additional water. Hence, for experiments in larger scale, the existing electroporation device KEA-MOBIL has been equipped with a new combined electroporation reactor and press. The reactor has a plate electrode system, whose upper electrode additionally serves as a piston to apply mechanical force to extract juice for a good electrical contact between plant material and the electrodes. A two-stage Marx generator serves as a pulse source. To reduce the insulation distance to the walls of the shielding cabin the Marx generator is operated in ground symmetric configuration. The device has been designed for a batch-wise throughput of 50 kg/h. An automatic feeding device enables the alternating use of two test vessels. The device has been tested on-site on a farm with green rye and grass.
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